University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, USA.
Am Fam Physician. 2011 Mar 15;83(6):689-94.
School-aged children (kindergarten through early adolescence) are establishing patterns of behavior that may last a lifetime; therefore, it is important to counsel these patients about healthy lifestyle practices during well-child examinations. Children and families should be advised to eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or nonfat dairy products, beans, fish, and lean meats, while limiting sugar, fast food, and highly processed foods. Children should engage in at least 60 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity, and screen time (e.g., television, computer, video games) should be limited to no more than one to two hours of quality programming daily. Most school-aged children require 11 hours of sleep per night. Decreased sleep is associated with behavioral issues, decreased concentration at school, and obesity. Children should brush their teeth twice per day with a toothpaste containing fluoride. Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in this age group in the United States, and families should be counseled on traffic, water, sports, and firearm safety. Because high-risk behaviors may start in early adolescence, many experts recommend screening for tobacco, alcohol, and drug use beginning at 11 years of age. Sexually active adolescents should be counseled on protecting against sexually transmitted infections, and should be screened for these infections if indicated.
学龄儿童（幼儿园至青春期早期）正在养成可能伴随一生的行为模式；因此，在进行儿童健康检查时，向这些患者提供关于健康生活方式实践的建议非常重要。应建议儿童和家庭多吃水果、蔬菜、全谷物、低脂或无脂乳制品、豆类、鱼类和瘦肉，同时限制糖、快餐和高度加工食品的摄入。儿童每天应至少进行 60 分钟的中等到剧烈的身体活动，并且每天看电视、使用电脑、玩电子游戏等“屏幕时间”应限制在不超过一到两小时的高质量节目。大多数学龄儿童每晚需要 11 小时的睡眠。睡眠减少与行为问题、学校注意力不集中和肥胖有关。儿童应每天用含氟牙膏刷牙两次。在美国，意外伤害是该年龄段儿童死亡的主要原因，应向家庭提供交通安全、水上安全、运动安全和枪支安全方面的建议。由于高危行为可能在青少年早期开始，许多专家建议从 11 岁开始筛查青少年的烟草、酒精和药物使用情况。有性行为的青少年应接受预防性传播感染的教育，并在需要时接受这些感染的筛查。
