第一代 X 射线系统的特点。

Characteristics of a first-generation x-ray system.

机构信息

Department of Radiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debijelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands.

出版信息

Radiology. 2011 May;259(2):534-9. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11101899. Epub 2011 Mar 16.

DOI:10.1148/radiol.11101899

PMID:21411750

Abstract

PURPOSE

To compare the antiquated x-ray system of Hoffmans and van Kleef (circa 1896) with modern x-ray equipment in terms of radiation dose, x-ray beam properties, image quality, and electrical parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The antiquated x-ray system consisted of a Ruhmkorff inductor, battery, and Crookes tube. The radiation dose rate, x-ray beam properties, and electrical characteristics of this system were determined. A modern computed radiography plate was used to compare images of a hand specimen obtained by using the antiquated system with images obtained by using the modern system.

RESULTS

A peak voltage of 73 kV was obtained with an 8-V battery. With Crookes tube number 9, the half-value layer of the generated x-rays was 0.56 mm Al. Pinhole images showed that the x-rays originated from an extended area of the glass wall, causing image blurring. When measured on the skin of a hand specimen, the radiation dose of the antiquated system was about 10 times greater than that of the modern system for the same detector signal. The estimated skin dose was about 74 mGy for the antiquated system and 0.05 mGy for the modern system. The corresponding exposure times were 90 minutes and 21 msec.

CONCLUSION

Radiation dose and exposure time of the antiquated system were greater than those of the modern system by about three and five orders of magnitude, respectively. Images of the hand specimen obtained with the antiquated system were severely blurred but were still awe inspiring, considering the simplicity of the system.

SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL

http://radiology.rsna.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11101899/-/DC1.

摘要

目的

比较霍夫曼（Hoffmans）和范克利夫（van Kleef）于 1896 年前后使用的陈旧 X 射线系统与现代 X 射线设备在辐射剂量、X 射线束特性、图像质量和电气参数方面的差异。

材料与方法

陈旧 X 射线系统由鲁姆科夫（Ruhmkorff）感应器、电池和克鲁克斯管组成。测定了该系统的辐射剂量率、X 射线束特性和电气特性。使用现代计算机射线摄影板比较了使用陈旧系统获得的手部标本图像与使用现代系统获得的图像。

结果

使用 8-V 电池可获得 73 kV 的峰值电压。使用第 9 号克鲁克斯管，产生的 X 射线的半价层为 0.56 mm Al。针孔图像显示，X 射线源自玻璃壁的扩展区域，导致图像模糊。在手标本的皮肤处测量时，陈旧系统的辐射剂量约为现代系统的 10 倍，而探测器信号相同。估计陈旧系统的皮肤剂量约为 74 mGy，现代系统为 0.05 mGy。相应的曝光时间分别为 90 分钟和 21 毫秒。