Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, United States.
Chemosphere. 2011 Aug;84(6):832-9. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.046. Epub 2011 Mar 22.
This study geospatially quantifies the mass of an essential fertilizer element, phosphorus, available from human urine and feces, globally, regionally, and by specific country. The analysis is performed over two population scenarios (2009 and 2050). This important material flow is related to the presence of improved sanitation facilities and also considers the global trend of urbanization. Results show that in 2009 the phosphorus available from urine is approximately 1.68 million metric tons (with similar mass available from feces). If collected, the phosphorus available from urine and feces could account for 22% of the total global phosphorus demand. In 2050 the available phosphorus from urine that is associated with population increases only will increase to 2.16 million metric tons (with similar mass available from feces). The available phosphorus from urine and feces produced in urban settings is currently approximately 0.88 million metric tons and will increase with population growth to over 1.5 million metric tons by 2050. Results point to the large potential source of human-derived phosphorus in developing regions like Africa and Asia that have a large population currently unserved by improved sanitation facilities. These regions have great potential to implement urine diversion and reuse and composting or recovery of biosolids, because innovative technologies can be integrated with improvements in sanitation coverage. In contrast, other regions with extensive sanitation coverage like Europe and North America need to determine how to retrofit existing sanitation technology combined that is combined with human behavioral changes to recover phosphorus and other valuable nutrients.
本研究从全球、区域和具体国家层面上对人体尿液和粪便中可利用磷这一基本肥料要素的质量进行了地理空间量化。该分析基于两种人口情景（2009 年和 2050 年）进行。这种重要的物质流与改良卫生设施的存在有关，同时也考虑了全球城市化趋势。结果表明，2009 年，尿液中可利用的磷约为 168 万吨（粪便中也有类似质量的磷）。如果收集，尿液和粪便中可利用的磷可满足全球总磷需求的 22%。到 2050 年，仅与人口增长相关的尿液中可利用的磷将增加到 216 万吨（粪便中也有类似质量的磷）。目前，城市环境中尿液和粪便产生的可利用磷约为 88 万吨，随着人口增长，到 2050 年将增加到 150 多万吨。结果表明，非洲和亚洲等发展中地区的人口众多，目前尚未受益于改良的卫生设施，而这些地区具有很大的人类来源磷的潜在来源。这些地区有很大的潜力实施尿液分流和再利用以及堆肥或生物固体回收，因为创新技术可以与卫生设施覆盖率的提高相结合。相比之下，欧洲和北美等具有广泛卫生设施覆盖的其他地区需要确定如何改造现有的卫生技术，同时结合人类行为变化来回收磷和其他有价值的营养物质。
