Department of Public Health and Oceupational Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo.
Environ Health Prev Med. 2001 Jul;6(2):63-73. doi: 10.1007/BF02897948.
The most common method of evaluating beneficial impacts of environmental policies is cost-benefit analysis (CBA). In the present review, CBA methods for air pollution impacts are reviewed. Three types of air pollution effects are identified, including health, productivity, and amenity. Market valuation, stated preference methods, and revealed preference methods are identified for valuing benefits. Three types of costs are deseribed, including private sector costs, societal costs, and governmental regulatory costs. A benefits valuation approach based on Freeman's principals is described. A costs valuation approach based on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Dixon et al. principals is deseribed. Limitations associated with estimates of benefits and costs are summarized. Input assumptions and results are compared for several existing air pollution control analyses. The importance of CBA in environmental policy studies is discussed. Our conceptual approaches should be useful in analyses of urban air pollution impacts and air pollution prevention policies.
评估环境政策有益影响最常用的方法是成本效益分析（CBA）。在本综述中，对用于评估空气污染影响的 CBA 方法进行了回顾。确定了三种类型的空气污染效应，包括健康、生产力和舒适性。确定了用于评估效益的市场估值、陈述偏好方法和揭示偏好方法。描述了基于弗里曼原则的效益评估方法。描述了基于美国环境保护署和迪克森等人原则的成本评估方法。总结了与效益和成本估算相关的局限性。比较了几种现有空气污染控制分析的投入假设和结果。讨论了 CBA 在环境政策研究中的重要性。我们的概念方法应该有助于分析城市空气污染影响和空气污染预防政策。
