Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern, Los Angeles, California 90089-7725, USA.
Eur J Radiol. 2011 May;78(2):163-76. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.05.007. Epub 2011 Mar 25.
This historical review covers the PACS development in the USA during the past 28 years from 1982 to 2010. General historical remarks of PACS and international scene in three stages from infancy, puberty to adolescence are presented. Early PACS development was mostly financed by the federal government including the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command. PACS evolution went through several stages. The earliest stages included the definition of large-scale PACS, establishment of the DICOM and other standards, the development of some early key PACS related technologies, and PACS implementation strategies. The later stages were in the concept of enterprise PACS, IHE (Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise) workflow profiles, and ePR with image distribution. The current most excited accomplishment is in the development of the new field in medical imaging informatics. This review goes through these stages and events in the USA during these 28 years, whenever an event involved participants from other countries, the contributors are cited.
这篇历史综述涵盖了 1982 年至 2010 年美国在过去 28 年中 PACS 的发展历程。介绍了 PACS 的一般历史评论和三个阶段（婴儿期、青春期和青少年期）的国际情况。早期 PACS 的发展主要由联邦政府资助，包括美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）和美国陆军医疗研究与器材司令部。PACS 的发展经历了几个阶段。最早的阶段包括大规模 PACS 的定义、DICOM 和其他标准的建立、一些早期关键 PACS 相关技术的发展以及 PACS 实施策略。后期阶段是在企业 PACS、IHE（整合医疗保健企业）工作流程配置文件和具有图像分发的电子病历的概念。目前最令人兴奋的成就是在医学影像信息学的新领域的发展。本文回顾了美国在这 28 年中经历的这些阶段和事件，只要涉及来自其他国家的参与者，都会引用相关贡献者。
