Bouvier Nicole M, Lowen Anice C
Division of Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
Viruses. 2010;2(8):1530-1563. doi: 10.3390/v20801530.
Influenza virus infection of humans results in a respiratory disease that ranges in severity from sub-clinical infection to primary viral pneumonia that can result in death. The clinical effects of infection vary with the exposure history, age and immune status of the host, and also the virulence of the influenza strain. In humans, the virus is transmitted through either aerosol or contact-based transfer of infectious respiratory secretions. As is evidenced by most zoonotic influenza virus infections, not all strains that can infect humans are able to transmit from person-to-person. Animal models of influenza are essential to research efforts aimed at understanding the viral and host factors that contribute to the disease and transmission outcomes of influenza virus infection in humans. These models furthermore allow the pre-clinical testing of antiviral drugs and vaccines aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality in the population through amelioration of the virulence or transmissibility of influenza viruses. Mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, cotton rats, hamsters and macaques have all been used to study influenza viruses and therapeutics targeting them. Each model presents unique advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed herein.
人类感染流感病毒会引发呼吸系统疾病，其严重程度从亚临床感染到可能导致死亡的原发性病毒性肺炎不等。感染的临床影响因宿主的接触史、年龄和免疫状态以及流感毒株的毒力而异。在人类中，病毒通过传染性呼吸道分泌物的气溶胶传播或接触传播。正如大多数人畜共患流感病毒感染所证明的那样，并非所有能够感染人类的毒株都能在人与人之间传播。流感动物模型对于旨在了解导致人类流感病毒感染的疾病和传播结果的病毒及宿主因素的研究工作至关重要。此外，这些模型还允许对旨在通过改善流感病毒的毒力或传播性来降低人群发病率和死亡率的抗病毒药物和疫苗进行临床前测试。小鼠、雪貂、豚鼠、棉鼠、仓鼠和猕猴都已被用于研究流感病毒及其靶向治疗方法。每种模型都有其独特的优缺点，本文将对此进行讨论。
