School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
J Neurophysiol. 2011 Jun;105(6):2843-51. doi: 10.1152/jn.00002.2011. Epub 2011 Mar 30.
Although sensorimotor adaptation is typically thought of as an implicit form of learning, it has been shown that participants who gain explicit awareness of the nature of the perturbation during adaptation exhibit more learning than those who do not. With rare exceptions, however, explicit awareness is typically polled at the end of the study. Here, we provided participants with either an explicit spatial strategy or no instructions before learning. Early in learning, explicit instructions greatly reduced movement errors but also resulted in increased trial-to-trial variability and longer reaction times. Late in adaptation, performance was indistinguishable between the explicit and implicit groups, but the mechanisms underlying performance improvements remained fundamentally different, as revealed by catch trials. The progression of implicit recalibration in the explicit group was modulated by the use of an explicit strategy: these participants showed a lower level of recalibration as well as decreased aftereffects. This phenomenon may be due to the reduced magnitude of errors made to the target during adaptation or inhibition of implicit learning mechanisms by explicit processing.
尽管感觉运动适应通常被认为是一种内隐学习形式，但已有研究表明，在适应过程中对干扰的本质有明确认识的参与者比没有明确认识的参与者表现出更多的学习。然而，除了极少数例外，通常是在研究结束时才对明确意识进行调查。在这里，我们在学习之前为参与者提供了明确的空间策略或没有提供任何指导。在学习的早期，明确的指导大大减少了运动错误，但也导致了试验间变异性增加和反应时间延长。在适应的后期，显式组和隐式组的表现没有区别，但通过捕获试验揭示，性能提高的机制仍然存在根本差异。显式组中内隐重新校准的进展受到显式策略使用的调节：这些参与者表现出较低的重新校准水平和较小的后效。这种现象可能是由于在适应过程中对目标的错误减少，或者由于显式处理抑制了内隐学习机制。
