Tilburg Institutefor Behavioral Economics Research (TIBER), Social Psychology Department,Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Jul;101(1):34-45. doi: 10.1037/a0023172.
In a series of studies, it is demonstrated that different types of self-affirmation procedures produce different effects. Affirming personally important values (value affirmation) increases self-clarity but not self-esteem. Affirming positive qualities of the self (attribute affirmation) increases self-esteem but not self-clarity (Study 1). As a consequence, attribute affirmation (which increases self-esteem) is more effective than value affirmation as a buffer against self-depreciating social comparison information. Attribute-affirmed participants more readily accept the self-evaluative consequences of threatening upward social comparisons than do value-affirmed participants (Study 2). However, value affirmation (which increases self-clarity) is a more effective buffer against dissonance threats. Value-affirmed participants showed less attitude change after writing a counterattitudinal essay than attribute-affirmed participants (Study 3).
在一系列研究中，证明了不同类型的自我肯定程序会产生不同的效果。肯定个人重要的价值观（价值肯定）会增加自我清晰度，但不会提高自尊心。肯定自我的积极品质（属性肯定）会提高自尊心，但不会提高自我清晰度（研究 1）。因此，属性肯定（提高自尊心）比价值肯定更能有效地缓冲自我贬低的社会比较信息。与价值肯定相比，属性肯定的参与者更容易接受威胁性向上社会比较的自我评估后果（研究 2）。然而，价值肯定（提高自我清晰度）是更有效的应对不和谐威胁的缓冲。在写一篇反驳性文章后，价值肯定的参与者比属性肯定的参与者表现出更少的态度变化（研究 3）。
