Department of Psychology, Iowa State University, W112 Lagomarcino Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Mem Cognit. 2011 Oct;39(7):1211-21. doi: 10.3758/s13421-011-0092-1.
In three experiments, we used face-name learning to examine the puzzling feedback delay benefit--the tendency for feedback to be more effective when it is delayed rather than presented immediately. In Experiment 1, we found that feedback presented after a 3-s blank screen was more effective than feedback presented immediately, even after controlling for the exposure time to the material. In Experiment 2, we replicated the benefit of a feedback delay even when participants were given extra time to view the feedback or to try to retrieve the answer, indicating that this benefit is specific to a delay before feedback. Finally, in Experiment 3, we showed that the 3-s delay is beneficial only if it involves a blank screen, not if the delay is filled with an unrelated distracter task. These results suggest that the feedback delay benefit in this paradigm could arise from an active anticipatory process that occurs during the delay.
在三个实验中，我们使用面孔命名学习来检验令人困惑的反馈延迟效益——当反馈延迟而不是立即呈现时，反馈更有效的趋势。在实验 1 中，我们发现，即使在控制材料暴露时间的情况下，在 3 秒黑屏后呈现的反馈比立即呈现的反馈更有效。在实验 2 中，即使给参与者额外的时间查看反馈或尝试检索答案，我们也复制了反馈延迟的好处，表明这种好处是特定于反馈前的延迟。最后，在实验 3 中，我们表明，只有在 3 秒的延迟涉及黑屏的情况下，延迟才是有益的，而如果延迟被无关的分心任务填满，则没有益处。这些结果表明，在这种范式中，反馈延迟效益可能源于延迟期间发生的主动预期过程。
