Department of Orthopedics and Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.
Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2011 Aug;17(4):263-80. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2010.0612. Epub 2011 Jun 10.
Bone graft material is often required for the treatment of osseous defects. However, due to limitations and risks associated with autologous as well as allogenic bone grafting procedures, alternative strategies are needed. In this context, ex vivo tissue engineering (TE) strategies for de novo generation of bone tissue include the combined use of autologous bone-forming cells and three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffold materials serving as structural support for the cells. Three-dimensional cultivation of osteoprogenitor cells presents several challenges, for example, insufficient nutrient and oxygen transport to and removal of waste products from the cells at the interior of the scaffold. By providing physical stimulation of tissue-engineered constructs and resolving mass transport limitations bioreactor systems denote key components for bone TE strategies. A variety of dynamic 3D bioreactor concepts mimicking the native microenvironment in bone tissue, for example, spinner flasks, rotating wall vessel constructs, perfusion bioreactors, and systems based on mechanical or electromagnetic stimulation of cell/scaffold composites, have been developed. These techniques differ considerably with respect to ease of use, cost-effectiveness, and degree of additional osteogenic stimuli, as well as monitoring and manipulation options. This review provides an overview of the concepts, advantages, challenges, and potential future applications associated with current bioreactor systems for bone TE.
骨移植材料通常是治疗骨缺损所必需的。然而，由于自体和同种异体骨移植手术的限制和风险，需要替代策略。在这种情况下，用于从头生成骨组织的体外组织工程（TE）策略包括联合使用自体成骨细胞和三维（3D）多孔支架材料，作为细胞的结构支撑。成骨祖细胞的 3D 培养存在一些挑战，例如，支架内部的细胞对营养物质和氧气的传输不足，以及对废物的去除。通过为组织工程构建体提供物理刺激并解决质量传输限制，生物反应器系统是骨 TE 策略的关键组成部分。已经开发了各种模拟骨组织中天然微环境的动态 3D 生物反应器概念，例如旋转瓶、旋转壁容器构建体、灌注生物反应器以及基于细胞/支架复合材料的机械或电磁刺激的系统。这些技术在易用性、成本效益、额外成骨刺激的程度以及监测和操作选项方面有很大的不同。本文综述了当前用于骨 TE 的生物反应器系统的概念、优点、挑战和潜在的未来应用。
