Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
Environ Int. 2011 Oct;37(7):1175-82. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.003. Epub 2011 May 6.
In the present study, we identified and examined the spatial trends, sources and dietary relationships of bioaccumulative perfluorinated sulfonate (PFSA; C(6), C(8), and C(10) chain lengths) and carboxylate (PFCA; C(6) to C(15) chain lengths) contaminants, as well as precursor compounds including several perfluorinated sulfonamides, and fluorotelomer acids and alcohols, in individual eggs (collected in 2008) from four gull species [glaucous-winged (Larus glaucescens), California (Larus californicus), ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and herring (Larus argentatus) gulls] from 15 marine and freshwater colony sites in provinces across Canada. The pattern of PFSAs was dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; >89% of ΣPFSA concentration) regardless of egg collection location. The highest ΣPFSA concentrations were found in the eggs collected in the urbanized areas in the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River area [Big Chicken Island 308 ng/g ww, Toronto Harbour 486 ng/g ww, and Ile Deslauriers (HG) 299 ng/g ww]. Also, eggs from all freshwater colony sites had higher ΣPFSA concentrations, which were significant (p<0.05) in many cases, compared to the marine sites with the exception of the Sable Island colony in Atlantic Canada off the coast of Nova Scotia. C(6) to C(15) chain length PFCAs were detected in the eggs, although the pattern was variable among the 15 sites, where PFUnA and PFTrA dominated the pattern for most colonies. Like the ΣPFSA, the highest concentrations of ΣPFCA were found in the eggs from Big Chicken Island, Toronto Harbour, Ile Deslauriers (HG), and Sable Island, although not all freshwater sites had higher concentrations compared to marine sites. Dietary tracers [δ(15)N and δ(13)C stable isotopes (SIs)] revealed that PFSA and PFCA exposure is colony dependent. SI signatures suggested that gulls from most marine colony sites were exposed to PFCs via marine prey. The exception was the Mandarte Island colony in Pacific British Columbia, where PFSA and PFCA exposure appeared to be via terrestrial and/or freshwater prey consumption. The same was true for the freshwater sites where egg SIs suggested both aquatic and terrestrial prey consumption as the source for PFC exposure depending on the colony. Both aquatic (marine and freshwater) and terrestrial prey are likely sources of PFC exposure to gulls but exposure scenarios are colony-specific.
在本研究中，我们鉴定并研究了生物累积性全氟磺酸酯（PFSA；C（6）、C（8）和 C（10）链长）和羧酸（PFCA；C（6）至 C（15）链长）污染物在个体蛋中的空间趋势、来源和饮食关系，以及包括几种全氟磺酰胺、氟端基酸和醇在内的前体化合物，这些蛋来自加拿大各省 15 个海洋和淡水聚居地的 4 种海鸥物种（灰翅海鸥、加利福尼亚海鸥、环嘴鸥和银鸥）。PFSA 的模式主要由全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS；占ΣPFSA 浓度的>89%）主导，而不管蛋的采集地点如何。ΣPFSA 浓度最高的是在大湖区和圣劳伦斯河地区城市化地区采集的蛋（大鸡岛 308ng/g 湿重、多伦多港 486ng/g 湿重和伊勒德劳雷尔岛（HG）299ng/g 湿重）。此外，所有淡水聚居地的蛋都有更高的ΣPFSA 浓度，在许多情况下与海洋聚居地相比，这些浓度具有统计学意义（p<0.05），除了新斯科舍省沿海的大西洋加拿大的萨布尔岛聚居地。蛋中检测到 C（6）至 C（15）链长的 PFCAs，但在 15 个地点之间模式不同，其中 PFUnA 和 PFTrA 为主导模式。与 ΣPFSA 一样，在大鸡岛、多伦多港、伊勒德劳雷尔岛（HG）和萨布尔岛采集的蛋中，ΣPFCA 的浓度最高，尽管并非所有淡水地点的浓度都比海洋地点高。饮食示踪剂（δ（15）N 和 δ（13）C 稳定同位素（SIs））表明，PFSA 和 PFCA 的暴露与聚居地有关。SI 特征表明，大多数海洋聚居地的海鸥通过海洋猎物暴露于 PFC 中。例外的是太平洋不列颠哥伦比亚省的曼达特岛聚居地，在那里，PFSA 和 PFCA 的暴露似乎是通过陆地和/或淡水猎物的消耗。淡水地点也是如此，根据聚居地的不同，蛋的 SI 表明，水生和陆地猎物的消耗都是 PFC 暴露的来源。水生动植物（海洋和淡水）和陆地猎物都是海鸥暴露于 PFC 的可能来源，但暴露情况因聚居地而异。
