Environment Canada , Centre Saint-Laurent, 105 McGill Street, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2Y 2E7.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 1;45(19):7962-73. doi: 10.1021/es104326w. Epub 2011 May 4.
The goal of this article is to summarize new biological monitoring information on perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in aquatic ecosystems (post-2005) as a followup to our critical review published in 2006. A wider range of geographical locations (e.g., South America, Russia, Antarctica) and habitats (e.g., high-mountain lakes, deep-ocean, and offshore waters) have been investigated in recent years enabling a better understanding of the global distribution of PFCs in aquatic organisms. High concentrations of PFCs continue to be detected in invertebrates, fish, reptiles, and marine mammals worldwide. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is still the predominant PFC detected (mean concentrations up to 1900 ng/g ww) in addition to important concentrations of long-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs; sum PFCAs up to 400 ng/g ww). More studies have evaluated the bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these compounds in both freshwater and marine food webs. Several reports have indicated a decrease in PFOS levels over time in contrast to PFCA concentrations that have tended to increase in tissues of aquatic organisms at many locations. The detection of precursor metabolites and isomers has become more frequently reported in environmental assessments yielding important information on the sources and distribution of these contaminants. The integration of environmental/ecological characteristics (e.g., latitude/longitude, salinity, and/or trophic status at sampling locations) and biological variables (e.g., age, gender, life cycle, migration, diet composition, growth rate, food chain length, metabolism, and elimination) are essential elements in order to adequately study the environmental fate and distribution of PFCs and should be more frequently considered in study design.
本文旨在总结 2006 年发表的重要综述之后，有关水生生态系统中全氟化合物（PFCs）的新生物监测信息。近年来，研究范围已扩大到更多的地理位置（例如，南美洲、俄罗斯、南极洲）和生境（例如，高山湖泊、深海和近海海域），从而更好地了解了 PFC 在水生生物中的全球分布情况。目前在全世界的无脊椎动物、鱼类、爬行动物和海洋哺乳动物中仍持续检测到高浓度的 PFCs。全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）仍然是主要检测到的 PFC（平均浓度高达 1900ng/g 湿重），此外还检测到长链全氟烷羧酸（PFCAs；总 PFCAs 浓度高达 400ng/g 湿重）。更多的研究评估了这些化合物在淡水和海洋食物网中的生物累积和生物放大作用。有几项报告表明，与在许多地点的水生生物组织中浓度呈上升趋势的 PFCA 相比，PFOS 水平随时间呈下降趋势。在环境评估中，越来越多地报告了前体代谢物和异构体的检测，从而为这些污染物的来源和分布提供了重要信息。将环境/生态特征（例如，采样地点的纬度/经度、盐度和/或营养状态）和生物变量（例如，年龄、性别、生命周期、迁移、饮食组成、生长率、食物链长度、新陈代谢和消除）进行整合是充分研究 PFCs 环境归宿和分布的关键要素，在研究设计中应更频繁地加以考虑。
