Ontario Ministry of the Environment , Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Oct 1;45(19):8081-9. doi: 10.1021/es2001985. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; a perfluorinated compound or PFC), its salts, and perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride have recently been listed in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention due to their widespread presence, persistence, and toxicity. Because of the persistent nature of PFCs, it is generally presumed that the impact of direct discharges of these chemicals on a receiving environment would be long-lasting. However, long-term environmental fate studies based on field measurements are rare. We examined spatial and long-term (9 year) temporal trends of PFCs in water, sediment, fish, and fish liver collected in 2003, 2006, and 2009 from 10 locations spanning ∼20 km in Etobicoke and Spring Creeks, where an accidental release of fire fighting foam containing PFOS from nearby Toronto International Airport occurred in 2000. Even a decade after the spill, sediment PFOS concentrations are still elevated in Spring Creek Pond which received the foam discharge; however, the major impact is relatively localized likely due to the stormwater management nature of the pond and the diluting effect of Etobicoke Creek. Fish and fish liver PFOS concentrations at a Spring Creek location downstream of Spring Creek Pond declined by about 70 and 85%, respectively, between 2003 and 2009. PFOS in water at locations further downstream in Etobicoke Creek have declined by >99.99% since the spill; however, the 2009 water and fish levels were ∼2-10 times higher than upstream locations likely due to the long-term impact of the spill as well as urbanization. The decrease in the upstream PFOS concentrations likely reflects the reduction of PFOS sources due to phased out production by 3M and regulations on the use of PFOS in fire fighting foams. Field-based sediment/water distribution coefficients (K(D)) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were calculated from environmental measurements. Log K(D) values were 0.54-1.65 for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) and 1.00-1.85 for perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs). Log BAF(fish) ranged from 1.85 to 3.24 for PFASs and 0.88-3.47 for PFCAs, whereas log BAF(fish liver) ranged from 2.1-4.3 for PFASs and 1.0-5.0 for PFCAs.
全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS；一种全氟化合物或 PFC）及其盐类和全氟辛基磺酰氟最近因其广泛存在、持久性和毒性而被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》附件 B。由于 PFC 的持久性，人们普遍认为这些化学物质直接排放到接收环境中的影响将是持久的。然而，基于现场测量的长期环境 fate 研究很少。我们研究了 2003 年、2006 年和 2009 年从伊陶碧谷和斯普林克里克的 10 个地点采集的水、沉积物、鱼类和鱼肝中 PFCs 的空间和长期（9 年）时间趋势，这两个地点的跨度约为 20 公里，2000 年，多伦多国际机场附近发生了一起消防泡沫中含有 PFOS 的意外泄漏事件。即使在泄漏发生十年后，斯普林克里克池塘仍然受到来自附近多伦多国际机场消防泡沫中 PFOS 排放的影响，沉积物中 PFOS 的浓度仍然很高；然而，由于池塘的雨水管理性质和伊陶碧谷溪的稀释效应，主要影响相对局部化。2003 年至 2009 年间，斯普林克里克池塘下游斯普林克里克的鱼类和鱼肝中 PFOS 浓度分别下降了约 70%和 85%。自泄漏以来，伊陶碧谷溪下游位置的水中 PFOS 浓度已下降了>99.99%；然而，2009 年的水和鱼类水平比上游位置高出约 2-10 倍，这可能是由于泄漏的长期影响以及城市化。上游 PFOS 浓度的下降可能反映了由于 3M 逐步淘汰生产和消防泡沫中 PFOS 使用法规，PFOS 源的减少。从环境测量中计算了沉积物/水分配系数（K(D)）和生物累积因子（BAF）。全氟烷基磺酸盐（PFASs）的 log K(D)值为 0.54-1.65，全氟羧酸（PFCAs）的 log K(D)值为 1.00-1.85。PFASs 的 log BAF(fish)值范围为 1.85 至 3.24，PFCAs 的 log BAF(fish)值范围为 0.88-3.47，而 PFASs 的 log BAF(fish liver)值范围为 2.1-4.3，PFCAs 的 log BAF(fish liver)值范围为 1.0-5.0。
