Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
J Dent Res. 2011 Jun;90(6):704-10. doi: 10.1177/0022034510391794.
Exposure to direct and passive tobacco smoking has significant impact on the gingival and oropharyngeal flora. The effects of exposure to smoking are evident in both children as well as adults. It increases the acquisition of periodontal pathogens and periodontal disease, colonization by respiratory pathogens, and the occurrence of upper respiratory tract infections, including otitis media. The flora of smokers contains fewer aerobic and anaerobic organisms with interfering activity against bacterial pathogens and harbors more potential pathogens as compared with the flora of non-smokers. The high number of pathogens and the low number of interfering organisms found in the nasopharynx of smokers revert to normal levels after complete cessation of smoking. Since parents who smoke harbor more potential pathogens and fewer interfering organisms, they may serve as a source of pathogens that can colonize and/or infect their children. The reduction in the number of members of the normal flora that interfere with the growth of pathogens and the greater adherence of bacterial pathogens to the oral mucosa are associated with the greater frequency of respiratory infections. Analysis of the data presented illustrates the adverse effects of direct and indirect exposure to smoking on colonization with potential pathogens.
直接和被动吸烟会对牙龈和口咽菌群产生重大影响。吸烟的影响在儿童和成人中都很明显。它会增加牙周病原体和牙周病的获得、呼吸道病原体的定植以及上呼吸道感染（包括中耳炎）的发生。与非吸烟者相比，吸烟者的菌群中具有干扰细菌病原体活性的需氧和厌氧生物较少，而潜在病原体较多。与吸烟者相比，在完全停止吸烟后，吸烟者鼻咽部的病原体数量较高和干扰生物数量较低会恢复正常水平。由于吸烟的父母携带更多的潜在病原体和较少的干扰生物，他们可能成为定植和/或感染其子女的病原体的来源。干扰病原体生长的正常菌群成员数量减少以及细菌病原体对口腔黏膜的黏附力增加与呼吸道感染的频率增加有关。对所呈现数据的分析说明了直接和间接暴露于吸烟对定植潜在病原体的不良影响。
