Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Adv Immunol. 2011;109:87-124. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387664-5.00003-0.
The mammalian immune system comprises an adaptive and an innate component. The innate immune system employs a limited number of germ-line-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize invariant pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In contrast, the adaptive immune system depends on the generation of a diverse repertoire of antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes and subsequent activation and clonal expansion of cells carrying the appropriate antigen-specific receptors. Induction of adaptive immunity not only depends on direct antigen recognition by the antigen receptors but also relies on essential signals that are delivered by the innate immune system. In recent years, we have witnessed the discovery of a still expanding array of different PRR systems that govern the generation of adaptive immunity. Here, we review our current understanding of innate control of adaptive immunity. In particular, we discuss how PRRs initiate adaptive immune responses in general, discuss specific mechanisms that shape the ensuing T and B cell responses, and highlight open questions that are still awaiting answers.
哺乳动物的免疫系统包括适应性免疫系统和固有免疫系统。固有免疫系统利用有限数量的胚系编码的模式识别受体（PRRs）来识别不变的病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）。相比之下，适应性免疫系统依赖于 T 和 B 淋巴细胞上抗原受体多样性库的产生，以及随后携带适当抗原特异性受体的细胞的激活和克隆扩增。适应性免疫的诱导不仅取决于抗原受体的直接抗原识别，还依赖于固有免疫系统提供的必要信号。近年来，我们见证了不断发现的控制适应性免疫的不同 PRR 系统。在这里，我们回顾我们对固有免疫系统控制适应性免疫系统的现有理解。特别是，我们讨论了 PRRs 如何普遍启动适应性免疫反应，讨论了塑造随后的 T 和 B 细胞反应的特定机制，并强调了仍有待解答的悬而未决的问题。
