Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, Kórnik, Poland.
Mycorrhiza. 2012 Feb;22(2):121-34. doi: 10.1007/s00572-011-0387-x. Epub 2011 May 15.
Non-native tree species have been widely planted or have become naturalized in most forested landscapes. It is not clear if native trees species collectively differ in ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) diversity and communities from that of non-native tree species. Alternatively, EMF species community similarity may be more determined by host plant phylogeny than by whether the plant is native or non-native. We examined these unknowns by comparing two genera, native and non-native Quercus robur and Quercus rubra and native and non-native Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra in a 35-year-old common garden in Poland. Using molecular and morphological approaches, we identified EMF species from ectomycorrhizal root tips and sporocarps collected in the monoculture tree plots. A total of 69 EMF species were found, with 38 species collected only as sporocarps, 18 only as ectomycorrhizas, and 13 both as ectomycorrhizas and sporocarps. The EMF species observed were all native and commonly associated with a Holarctic range in distribution. We found that native Q. robur had ca. 120% higher total EMF species richness than the non-native Q. rubra, while native P. sylvestris had ca. 25% lower total EMF species richness than non-native P. nigra. Thus, across genera, there was no evidence that native species have higher EMF species diversity than exotic species. In addition, we found a higher similarity in EMF communities between the two Pinus species than between the two Quercus species. These results support the naturalization of non-native trees by means of mutualistic associations with cosmopolitan and novel fungi.
非本地树种已广泛种植或已在大多数森林景观中自然归化。目前尚不清楚本地树种的外生菌根真菌（EMF）多样性和群落是否与非本地树种有区别。或者，EMF 物种群落的相似性可能更多地取决于宿主植物的系统发育，而不是植物是本地还是非本地。我们通过比较波兰一个拥有 35 年历史的普通花园中的两个属，即本地和非本地的欧洲栎和美洲栎，以及本地和非本地的欧洲赤松和欧洲黑松，来研究这些未知因素。使用分子和形态学方法，我们从在单一种植的树木斑块中收集的外生菌根根尖和子实体中鉴定出 EMF 物种。共发现 69 种 EMF 物种，其中 38 种仅作为子实体收集，18 种仅作为外生菌根收集，13 种既作为外生菌根又作为子实体收集。观察到的 EMF 物种均为本地种，通常分布在全北极范围内。我们发现，本地的 Q. robur 的总 EMF 物种丰富度比非本地的 Q. rubra 高约 120%，而本地的 P. sylvestris 的总 EMF 物种丰富度比非本地的 P. nigra 低约 25%。因此，在整个属中，没有证据表明本地物种的 EMF 物种多样性高于外来物种。此外，我们发现两个松属之间的 EMF 群落相似性高于两个栎属之间的相似性。这些结果支持非本地树木通过与世界性和新真菌的互利共生关系而实现自然归化。
