Boesch C, Boesch H
Ethology and Wildlife Research Department, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1990;54(1-2):86-99. doi: 10.1159/000156428.
Reported incidences of tool use and tool making for three wild chimpanzee populations increase from Mahale (12 and 3 types of use and making, respectively), Gombe (16 and 3) to Taï (19 and 6). Sticks are commonly used and prepared at all three sites. However, Taï chimpanzees seem to perform more modifications on the material before using it. They are also the only chimpanzees seen to pound objects with tools and to combine two different tool uses to get access to one food item. Tool making is the rule for abundant material (grass, twigs), but appears to be rarer for scarce, hard material (clubs, stones). Factors involved in the acquisition and the benefit of tool use are discussed along with factors affecting the frequency and complexity of tool making in chimpanzees.
据报道，三个野生黑猩猩种群使用工具和制造工具的发生率从马哈勒（分别为12种和3种使用及制造类型）、贡贝（16种和3种）到塔伊（19种和6种）呈上升趋势。在所有这三个地点，树枝都是常用且经过加工的。然而，塔伊黑猩猩在使用材料之前似乎会对其进行更多的改造。它们也是唯一被观察到用工具敲打物体并将两种不同的工具使用方式结合起来以获取一种食物的黑猩猩。制造工具对于丰富的材料（草、细枝）来说是常见的，但对于稀缺、坚硬的材料（棍棒、石头）似乎较为罕见。文中讨论了黑猩猩获取工具和使用工具所带来益处的相关因素，以及影响制造工具频率和复杂性的因素。
