MicroRNA in Melanoma.

Melanoma is a highly aggressive and deadly skin cancer. Early intervention correlates with nearly 100% patient survival, but greater than 80% mortality is associated with advanced disease. Currently, few treatment options are available for patients with metastatic melanoma, and the global incidence of melanoma is increasing faster than that of other cancers. Therefore, it is vitally important to uncover and use genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms at work during the development and progression of melanoma for better prevention, diagnosis, and clinical management. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a set of small, single-stranded, noncoding RNAs that target the 3'-untranslated region of an estimated 30% of all human genes to inhibit their expression. Our understanding of miRNA-mediated regulation of cancers has grown immensely over the past decade. Here we review currently available data on melanoma-associated miRNAs, highlighting those deregulated miRNAs targeting important genes and signaling pathways involved in the progression of melanocytes to primary and metastatic melanoma. Understanding the important roles of miRNAs in melanoma progression and metastasis development will contribute to the development of miRNA-targeted therapy in the future.