School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, The University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Jun;94(6):2952-63. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-4084.
The objective of this study was to identify the risk factors associated with 3 presentations of hock lesions (hair loss, ulceration, and swelling) in freestall-housed lactating cattle. By independent identification and scoring of, and analysis of the factors associated with, hair loss, ulceration, and swelling, the aim was to identify whether risk factors were common to all 3, or differed among the presentations. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 76 herds in the UK during the winter housing period of 2007 to 2008, with a total of 3,691 cows examined for hock lesions. A randomly selected sample of approximately 50 cows in each herd were scored for body condition, lameness, cleanliness, rising behavior, and lesions at the hocks. For all cows, hair loss, ulceration, and swelling were scored separately on 4-point scales, with both left and right hocks scored. Based on a review of the literature, potential risk factors were identified and measured, collected from milk-recording data, or obtained through interviews with the farmers. Risk factors associated with hocks lesions in cattle were examined using data from the 2,982 cows housed in the 63 freestall-housed herds visited. Risk factors for each of the 3 lesion presentations were considered separately in multilevel logistic regression models, with moderate or severe hair loss, any degree of ulceration, and moderate or severe swelling as the outcome variables. Thirty risk factors were identified, none of which were common to all 3 lesion presentations. Five risk factors (locomotion score, number of days of winter housing, mean milk yield, freestall base material, and herd size) were common to both hair loss and ulceration. The stall bedding material was a common risk factor for both hair loss and swelling. A further 8, 5, and 11 risk factors were unique to hair loss, ulceration, and swelling, respectively. The existence of several differential risk factors between the 2 lesion presentations suggests that ulceration may not always be a direct extension of hair loss, as has been implied in previous scoring systems. Of the 12 risk factors associated with swelling, only 1 was common to another lesion presentation, which suggests that swelling may have a different etiology than hair loss and ulceration. The variables associated with the lesions indicate the importance of factors that affect the lying and rising behavior of the animal, including freestall structure and design, and the lying surface.
本研究的目的是确定与牛跗关节病变（脱毛、溃疡和肿胀）3 种表现相关的风险因素。通过独立识别和评分以及分析与脱毛、溃疡和肿胀相关的因素，旨在确定风险因素是否对所有 3 种表现均为共同因素，还是在表现形式上存在差异。在 2007 年至 2008 年冬季饲养期间，在英国的 76 个牛群中进行了一项横断面研究，共检查了 3691 头奶牛的跗关节病变。每个牛群中随机选择约 50 头牛进行身体状况、跛行、清洁度、起身行为和跗关节病变评分。对所有奶牛，分别对 4 点刻度的脱毛、溃疡和肿胀进行评分，同时对左右跗关节进行评分。基于文献回顾，确定了潜在的风险因素并进行了测量，这些因素来自于牛奶记录数据，或通过与农民的访谈获得。使用来自 63 个参观的自由放养牛群中 2982 头奶牛的数据，检查与跗关节病变相关的风险因素。在多水平逻辑回归模型中，分别考虑了 3 种病变表现的风险因素，将中度或重度脱毛、任何程度的溃疡和中度或重度肿胀作为结局变量。确定了 30 个风险因素，其中没有一个与所有 3 种病变表现均相关。5 个风险因素（运动评分、冬季饲养天数、平均产奶量、自由放养底垫材料和牛群规模）与脱毛和溃疡均相关。牛栏垫料是脱毛和肿胀的共同风险因素。另外，还有 8、5 和 11 个风险因素分别与脱毛、溃疡和肿胀有关。这两种病变表现之间存在一些不同的风险因素，这表明溃疡可能并不总是像以前的评分系统所暗示的那样，是脱毛的直接延伸。在与肿胀相关的 12 个风险因素中，只有 1 个与另一种病变表现有关，这表明肿胀可能与脱毛和溃疡有不同的病因。与病变相关的变量表明，影响动物躺卧和起身行为的因素很重要，包括自由放养的结构和设计以及躺卧表面。
