First Chair of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples - Italy and Italian Institute for Philosophical Studies, Naples, Italy.
J Nephrol. 2011 May-Jun;24 Suppl 17:S12-24. doi: 10.5301/JN.2011.6485.
On July 1, 1751, the royal Parisian printer Le Breton published the first volume of the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert, a rational dictionary, in folio and in alphabetical order, sold by subscription. The whole work was completed in 1780 (a total of 35 volumes, of which 12 were of illustrations, 4 of supplements and 2 of indices). In 1782 it was followed by the Encyclopédie méthodique, printed by Panckoucke, which ended in 1832 with volume number 166. The frontispiece of the first volume, designed by Charles-Nicolas Cochin Jr. and engraved by Benoît-Louis Prévost showed the columns of an Ionic temple where the Truth appears between Reason and Philosophy. Reason is shown trying to break the veil of Truth, and Philosophy trying to embellish it. Below are the philosophers, their eyes fixed on Truth. Theology is on his knees with his back facing Truth, and seems to receive light from the top. The subsequent chain of figures depicts Memory, Ancient History, Modern History, Geometry, Astronomy and Physics. Below are Optics, Botany, Chemistry and Agriculture. On the bottom line one finds the representatives of arts and professions derived from science. In a 42-page preface ("Discours préliminaire") d'Alembert discussed the path to new knowledge as one "based on what we receive through senses. Ideas depend on senses." The medical collaborators were, or became, famous. Medicine was considered to be rooted in experiment, in patients and in measurements. Functions started to be described with numbers. It was the birth of determinism which was later reinforced by Magendie and Claude Bernard. Albrecht Haller, president of the Academy of Science at Göttingen, as well as a member of all European academies, wrote seminal entries. New accurate definitions appeared for life, disease, death, infections, plague, epidemics, hygiene, fevers and edema. Semiology, the study of signs, became the visible explanation of deranged function, diagnosis and prognosis.
1751 年 7 月 1 日，巴黎皇家印刷商勒布雷顿以订阅方式出版了狄德罗和达朗贝尔的《百科全书》第一卷，这是一部按字母顺序排版的理性词典，对开页，四开本。整部作品于 1780 年完成（共 35 卷，其中 12 卷为插图，4 卷为增补，2 卷为索引）。1782 年，它后面跟着潘克科克印刷的《百科全书方法论》，于 1832 年以第 166 卷结束。第一卷的卷首插图由小查尔斯-尼古拉·科钦设计，由贝努瓦-路易·普雷沃斯特雕刻，展示了一个爱奥尼亚柱式神庙的柱子，真理出现在理性和哲学之间。理性被描绘成试图揭开真理的面纱，而哲学则试图美化它。下面是哲学家，他们的眼睛盯着真理。神学跪在真理的对立面，似乎从顶部接收光线。随后的人物链描绘了记忆、古代史、近代史、几何、天文学和物理学。下面是光学、植物学、化学和农业。在底线，人们找到了从科学中衍生出来的艺术和职业的代表。在一个 42 页的序言（“序言”）中，达朗贝尔讨论了新知识的道路，“基于我们通过感官接受的东西。观念取决于感官。”医学合作者，或成为，著名的。医学被认为植根于实验、患者和测量。功能开始用数字来描述。这是后来被马根迪和克劳德·伯纳德加强的决定论的诞生。哥廷根科学院院长、所有欧洲科学院院士阿尔布雷希特·哈勒（Albrecht Haller）撰写了重要条目。新的准确定义出现在生命、疾病、死亡、感染、瘟疫、流行病、卫生、发热和水肿。符号学，符号的研究，成为功能障碍、诊断和预后的可见解释。
