Möller Michael, Pfosser Martin, Jang Chang-Gee, Mayer Veronika, Clark Alexandra, Hollingsworth Michelle L, Barfuss Michael H J, Wang Yin-Zheng, Kiehn Michael, Weber Anton
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, Scotland, UK.
Am J Bot. 2009 May;96(5):989-1010. doi: 10.3732/ajb.0800291.
The 'didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae' (traditional subfam. Cyrtandroideae excluding Epithemateae) are the largest group of Old World Gesneriaceae, comprising 85 genera and 1800 species. We attempt to resolve their hitherto poorly understood generic relationships using three molecular markers on 145 species, of which 128 belong to didymocarpoid Gesneriaceae. Our analyses demonstrate that consistent topological relationships can be retrieved from data sets with missing data using subsamples and different combinations of gene sequences. We show that all available classifications in Old World Gesneriaceae are artificial and do not reflect natural relationships. At the base of the didymocarpoids are grades of clades comprising isolated genera and small groups from Asia and Europe. These are followed by a clade comprising the African and Madagascan genera. The remaining clades represent the advanced Asiatic and Malesian genera. They include a major group with mostly twisted capsules. The much larger group of remaining genera comprises exclusively genera with straight capsules and the huge genus Cyrtandra with indehiscent fruits. Several genera such as Briggsia, Henckelia, and Chirita are not monophyletic; Chirita is even distributed throughout five clades. This degree of incongruence between molecular phylogenies, traditional classifications, and generic delimitations indicates the problems with classifications based on, sometimes a single, morphological characters.
“双心皮类苦苣苔科植物”（传统分类中的 Cyrtandroideae 亚科，不包括 Epithemateae）是旧世界苦苣苔科中最大的类群，包含85个属和1800个物种。我们尝试利用三种分子标记对145个物种进行分析，以解决此前人们了解甚少的该类群属间关系问题，其中128个物种属于双心皮类苦苣苔科植物。我们的分析表明，使用子样本和不同的基因序列组合，可以从存在缺失数据的数据集中获得一致的拓扑关系。我们发现，旧世界苦苣苔科现有的所有分类都是人为的，并未反映自然关系。在双心皮类苦苣苔科植物的基部是一些分支类群，包含来自亚洲和欧洲的孤立属和小类群。接下来是一个包含非洲和马达加斯加属的分支。其余的分支代表进化程度较高的亚洲和马来群岛属。它们包括一个主要的类群，其蒴果大多扭曲。其余属组成的大得多的类群仅包含蒴果直的属以及具有不裂果实的巨大的 Cyrtandra 属。一些属，如 Briggsia、Henckelia 和 唇柱苣苔属（Chirita）并非单系类群；唇柱苣苔属甚至分布在五个分支中。分子系统发育、传统分类和属的界定之间如此程度的不一致表明了基于有时单一形态特征进行分类所存在的问题。
