Department of Nuclear Energy, Federal University of Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Luiz Freire, 1000, CEP 50740-540, Recife, PE, Brazil.
Phys Med Biol. 2011 Jul 7;56(13):3749-72. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/56/13/002. Epub 2011 May 31.
Computational anthropomorphic human phantoms are useful tools developed for the calculation of absorbed or equivalent dose to radiosensitive organs and tissues of the human body. The problem is, however, that, strictly speaking, the results can be applied only to a person who has the same anatomy as the phantom, while for a person with different body mass and/or standing height the data could be wrong. In order to improve this situation for many areas in radiological protection, this study developed 18 anthropometric standing adult human phantoms, nine models per gender, as a function of the 10th, 50th and 90th mass and height percentiles of Caucasian populations. The anthropometric target parameters for body mass, standing height and other body measures were extracted from PeopleSize, a well-known software package used in the area of ergonomics. The phantoms were developed based on the assumption of a constant body-mass index for a given mass percentile and for different heights. For a given height, increase or decrease of body mass was considered to reflect mainly the change of subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, i.e. that organ masses were not changed. Organ mass scaling as a function of height was based on information extracted from autopsy data. The methods used here were compared with those used in other studies, anatomically as well as dosimetrically. For external exposure, the results show that equivalent dose decreases with increasing body mass for organs and tissues located below the subcutaneous adipose tissue layer, such as liver, colon, stomach, etc, while for organs located at the surface, such as breasts, testes and skin, the equivalent dose increases or remains constant with increasing body mass due to weak attenuation and more scatter radiation caused by the increasing adipose tissue mass. Changes of standing height have little influence on the equivalent dose to organs and tissues from external exposure. Specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) have also been calculated with the 18 anthropometric phantoms. The results show that SAFs decrease with increasing height and increase with increasing body mass. The calculated data suggest that changes of the body mass may have a significant effect on equivalent doses, primarily for external exposure to organs and tissue located below the adipose tissue layer, while for superficial organs, for changes of height and for internal exposures the effects on equivalent dose are small to moderate.
计算体型人体模型是为计算人体敏感器官和组织的吸收剂量或当量剂量而开发的有用工具。然而，问题是，严格来说，这些结果只能应用于与模型具有相同解剖结构的人，而对于体重和/或身高不同的人，数据可能是错误的。为了改善放射防护许多领域的这种情况，本研究开发了 18 个成人人体模型，每个性别 9 个模型，作为白种人群体第 10、第 50 和第 90 百分位数体重和身高的函数。人体测量目标参数，如体重、身高和其他身体测量值，是从人体尺寸软件包中提取的，该软件包在人体工程学领域得到广泛应用。假设给定质量百分位的给定身高的恒定体重指数，根据该假设开发了这些模型，并考虑了不同身高下的体重变化。对于给定的身高，体重的增加或减少被认为主要反映了皮下脂肪组织质量的变化，即器官质量没有变化。器官质量与身高的比例关系是根据从尸检数据中提取的信息确定的。所使用的方法与其他研究中的方法进行了比较，从解剖学和剂量学两个方面进行了比较。对于外照射，结果表明，对于位于皮下脂肪组织层以下的器官和组织，如肝脏、结肠、胃等，随着体重的增加，等效剂量会降低，而对于位于表面的器官，如乳房、睾丸和皮肤，由于脂肪组织质量增加导致的弱衰减和更多散射辐射，等效剂量会增加或保持不变。站立高度的变化对来自外照射的器官和组织的等效剂量影响很小。还使用 18 个人体模型计算了特定吸收分数（SAF）。结果表明，SAF 随身高的增加而降低，随体重的增加而增加。计算数据表明，体重的变化可能会对等效剂量产生重大影响，主要是对外照射位于脂肪组织层以下的器官和组织，而对于表面器官、身高变化和内部照射，等效剂量的影响较小到中等。
