The James Hutton Institute, Environment Plant Interactions, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
J Exp Bot. 2011 Jun;62(10):3251-61. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err064. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
Drivers behind food security and crop protection issues are discussed in relation to food losses caused by pests. Pests globally consume food estimated to feed an additional one billion people. Key drivers include rapid human population increase, climate change, loss of beneficial on-farm biodiversity, reduction in per capita cropped land, water shortages, and EU pesticide withdrawals under policies relating to 91/414 EEC. IPM (Integrated Pest Management) will be compulsory for all EU agriculture by 2014 and is also being widely adopted globally. IPM offers a 'toolbox' of complementary crop- and region-specific crop protection solutions to address these rising pressures. IPM aims for more sustainable solutions by using complementary technologies. The applied research challenge now is to reduce selection pressure on single solution strategies, by creating additive/synergistic interactions between IPM components. IPM is compatible with organic, conventional, and GM cropping systems and is flexible, allowing regional fine-tuning. It reduces pests below economic thresholds utilizing key 'ecological services', particularly biocontrol. A recent global review demonstrates that IPM can reduce pesticide use and increase yields of most of the major crops studied. Landscape scale 'ecological engineering', together with genetic improvement of new crop varieties, will enhance the durability of pest-resistant cultivars (conventional and GM). IPM will also promote compatibility with semiochemicals, biopesticides, precision pest monitoring tools, and rapid diagnostics. These combined strategies are urgently needed and are best achieved via multi-disciplinary research, including complex spatio-temporal modelling at farm and landscape scales. Integrative and synergistic use of existing and new IPM technologies will help meet future food production needs more sustainably in developed and developing countries, in an era of reduced pesticide availability. Current IPM research gaps are identified and discussed.
本文讨论了与害虫导致的粮食损失有关的粮食安全和作物保护问题的驱动因素。全球害虫消耗的粮食估计可养活额外的 10 亿人口。主要驱动因素包括人口的快速增长、气候变化、农田生物多样性的丧失、人均耕地的减少、水资源短缺，以及欧盟根据 91/414 EEC 政策撤回农药。到 2014 年，综合虫害管理（IPM）将成为欧盟所有农业的强制性要求，并且在全球范围内也得到广泛采用。IPM 为应对这些不断增加的压力提供了一套互补的作物和特定地区的作物保护解决方案。通过使用互补技术，IPM 旨在提供更可持续的解决方案。目前的应用研究挑战是通过在 IPM 组件之间创造附加/协同作用，减少对单一解决方案策略的选择压力。IPM 与有机、常规和转基因作物系统兼容，具有灵活性，允许区域微调。它通过利用关键的“生态服务”，特别是生物防治，将害虫数量控制在经济阈值以下。最近的一项全球综述表明，IPM 可以减少农药使用量，并提高大多数研究作物的产量。景观尺度的“生态工程”，以及新作物品种的遗传改良，将增强抗虫品种（常规和转基因）的耐久性。IPM 还将促进与信息素、生物农药、精确害虫监测工具和快速诊断的兼容性。这些综合策略是迫切需要的，最好通过多学科研究来实现，包括在农场和景观尺度上进行复杂的时空建模。综合和协同利用现有的和新的 IPM 技术将有助于在减少农药供应的时代，更可持续地满足发达国家和发展中国家未来的粮食生产需求。本文还确定并讨论了当前的 IPM 研究差距。
