Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA.
Memory. 2011 May;19(4):317-30. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.568494.
This study examined possible age-related differences in recall, guessing, and metacognition on free recall tests and forced recall tests. Participants studied categorised and unrelated word lists and were asked to recall the items under one of the following test conditions: standard free recall, free recall with a penalty for guessing, free recall with no penalty for guessing, or forced recall. The results demonstrated interesting age differences regarding the impact of liberal test instructions (i.e., forced recall and no penalty) relative to more conservative test instructions (i.e., standard free recall and penalty) on memory performance. Specifically, once guessing was controlled, younger adults' recall of categorised lists varied in accordance with test instructions while older adults' recall of categorised lists did not differ between conservative and liberal test instructions, presumably because older adults approach standard free recall tests of categorised lists with a greater propensity towards guessing than young adults.
本研究考察了在自由回忆测试和强制回忆测试中，回忆、猜测和元认知可能存在的与年龄相关的差异。参与者学习了分类和不相关的单词列表，并被要求在以下测试条件之一下回忆项目：标准自由回忆、有猜测惩罚的自由回忆、无猜测惩罚的自由回忆或强制回忆。结果表明，在记忆表现方面，相对于更保守的测试指令（即标准自由回忆和惩罚），自由测试指令（即强制回忆和无猜测惩罚）对记忆表现的影响存在有趣的年龄差异。具体来说，一旦控制了猜测，年轻成年人对分类列表的回忆会根据测试指令而变化，而年长成年人对分类列表的回忆在保守和自由测试指令之间没有差异，这可能是因为年长成年人在进行分类列表的标准自由回忆测试时，比年轻成年人更倾向于猜测。
