Faculty of Economics, Tezukayama University, 7-1-1 Tezukayama, Nara 631-8501, Japan.
Hum Mov Sci. 2011 Dec;30(6):1115-28. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2011.04.008.
The primary purpose of the present study was to examine kinematic characteristics and force control during a golf-putting task under a pressure condition. The secondary purpose was to provide an exploratory investigation of the relationship between changes in behavior (kinematics and force control) and performance on the one hand, and psychological (attention and affect) and physiological (arousal level) changes on the other hand. Twenty male novices performed 150 acquisition trials, followed by 10 test trials during a pressure condition induced by performance-contingent distracters: a cash reward or punishment. A three-dimensional motion analysis revealed that, during the pressure test, angular displacements of rotational movements at the horizontal plane and movement time of the arms and club during the backswing and downswing phases all decreased, while acceleration of the elbows during the downswing phase increased. Mean performance indices in all participants' were unchanged in spite of the kinematic changes under the pressure condition. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the decrement in performance, as well as increased variability of movement time and speed, were more likely to increase when participants shifted their attention to movements. Furthermore, changes in heart rate and negative affect were related to both the increase in movement acceleration and a decrease in grip force. These findings suggest that performance and behavioral changes during golf-putting under pressure can be associated with attentional changes, along with the influences of physiological-emotional responses.
本研究的主要目的是考察在有压力条件下高尔夫推杆任务中的运动学特征和力量控制。次要目的是探索行为（运动学和力量控制）变化与一方面的表现，以及心理（注意和情感）和生理（唤醒水平）变化之间的关系。20 名男性新手在压力条件下进行了 150 次获取试验，随后进行了 10 次测试试验，压力条件由与表现相关的干扰物引起：现金奖励或惩罚。三维运动分析显示，在压力测试期间，水平平面旋转运动的角位移以及手臂和球杆在后摆和下挥阶段的运动时间都减少了，而在下挥阶段肘部的加速度增加了。尽管在压力条件下运动学发生了变化，但所有参与者的平均表现指标都没有变化。多元回归分析表明，当参与者将注意力转移到运动上时，运动时间和速度的变化以及表现的下降更有可能增加。此外，心率和负性情绪的变化与运动加速度的增加以及握力的下降有关。这些发现表明，在有压力条件下进行高尔夫推杆时的表现和行为变化可能与注意力变化以及生理-情绪反应的影响有关。
