Diogo Rui
Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
J Morphol. 2009 Jan;270(1):14-51. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10666.
The colugos, or flying lemurs (Dermoptera), are arboreal gliding mammals that are commonly grouped with tree-shrews (Scandentia) and Primates in the superorder Euarchonta. However, little is known about the head and neck muscles of these gliding mammals. This raises difficulties for the discussion of not only the functional morphology and evolution of colugos, but also the origin, evolution, functional morphology, and phylogenetic relationships of the Euarchonta as a whole, and thus also of our own clade, the Primates. In this work, I describe the head and neck muscles of the colugo Cynocephalus volans, and compare these muscles with those of other mammals, either dissected by me or described in the literature. My observations and comparisons indicate that, with respect to the number of muscles, the plesiomorphic condition for euarchontans as well as for primates is more similar to that found in extant tree-shrews than in extant colugos. This is because various muscles that were probably plesiomorphically present in the euarchontan and primate clades, as, e.g., the stylohyoideus, mandibulo-auricularis, cleido-occipitalis, omohyoideus, and sternohyoideus, are not present as independent elements in extant colugos. These observations and comparisons also indicate that various laryngeal and facial muscles that are present in modern humans were absent in the last common ancestor of extant primates.
鼯猴，即飞狐猴（皮翼目），是树栖滑翔哺乳动物，通常与树鼩（树鼩目）和灵长类动物一同被归入真灵长大目。然而，对于这些滑翔哺乳动物的头颈部肌肉，我们所知甚少。这不仅给探讨鼯猴的功能形态学和进化带来困难，也给讨论整个真灵长大目的起源、进化、功能形态学以及系统发育关系造成了困难，进而也给我们自己的类群——灵长类动物的相关研究带来了困难。在这项研究中，我描述了菲律宾鼯猴（Cynocephalus volans）的头颈部肌肉，并将这些肌肉与我解剖过的或文献中描述过的其他哺乳动物的肌肉进行了比较。我的观察和比较表明，就肌肉数量而言，真灵长类动物以及灵长类动物的祖征状态与现存树鼩的更为相似，而非现存鼯猴。这是因为在真灵长类动物和灵长类动物类群中可能原本就存在的各种肌肉，比如茎突舌骨肌、下颌耳肌、锁骨枕肌、肩胛舌骨肌和胸骨舌骨肌，在现存鼯猴中并非独立存在的结构。这些观察和比较还表明，现代人类所具有的各种喉部和面部肌肉在现存灵长类动物的最近共同祖先中并不存在。
