Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, 10 Wreckyn Street, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Apr;8(4):1141-9. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8041141. Epub 2011 Apr 15.
Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Norovirus outbreaks frequently occur as epidemics which appear to be related to both genetic and environmental factors. This review considers recent progress in understanding these factors. The norovirus genome undergoes continuous change and this appears to be important in the persistence of the virus in the community. Studies on the common GII.4 genotype have shown that some norovirus outbreak epidemics involving this genotype are correlated with specific changes in the genome. In contrast to the growing understanding of the role of genetic factors in norovirus outbreak epidemics, the role of environmental factors is less well understood. Topics reviewed here include long term excretion of norovirus in some individuals, long term survivability of norovirus in the environment, the role of meteorological factors in the control of norovirus outbreaks and the possible zoonotic transmission of the virus.
诺如病毒是全球范围内导致肠胃炎爆发的主要原因。诺如病毒爆发经常以流行病的形式出现，似乎与遗传和环境因素都有关。本综述考虑了对这些因素的最新认识进展。诺如病毒基因组持续发生变化，这对病毒在社区中的持续存在很重要。对常见的 GII.4 基因型的研究表明，某些涉及该基因型的诺如病毒爆发疫情与基因组的特定变化有关。与遗传因素在诺如病毒爆发疫情中作用的不断深入认识相比，环境因素的作用还不太清楚。这里综述的主题包括一些个体中诺如病毒的长期排出、诺如病毒在环境中的长期生存能力、气象因素在控制诺如病毒爆发中的作用以及该病毒可能的动物源传播。
