Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
Schizophr Bull. 2013 Jan;39(1):112-9. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr068. Epub 2011 Jun 24.
Schizophrenia is generally characterized by various positive and negative symptoms that are accompanied by significant social dysfunction. Various researchers investigated the functional impairments in schizophrenia including impaired theory of mind (TOM), poor integration of affective and cognitive information, and malfunctioning of adaptive and strategic learning process. However, most of the studies were limited to simplified cognitive tests or computerized choice games that exclude real social interaction. The aim of the current study was to investigate human strategies based on the incentives and particularly the cognitive and emotional motivations of free riding. We examined the decision patterns of 41 healthy subjects (HSs) and 37 schizophrenia patients (SZ) during the public goods game (PGG), one of the games simulating human cooperation and free riding in group interactions. Strategic decision processes during the iterative binary PGG were assessed in terms of cognitive understanding, loss sensitivity, and TOM. We found that greed and loss sensitivity both motivated free-riding behavior in the HS, but that they were more vulnerable to greedy incentives than to possible loss. More significantly, the SZ clearly displayed a lower prevalence of free riding and distinct decision patterns from HS. Nonstrategic and unexpectedly low free ridings in the SZ likely arise from poor integration of cognitive and affective information. We suggest that loss sensitivity and TOM as well as cognitive understanding are involved in regulation of the free riding and cooperative behavior.
精神分裂症通常表现为各种阳性和阴性症状，伴有明显的社会功能障碍。许多研究人员研究了精神分裂症的功能障碍，包括受损的心理理论（TOM）、情感和认知信息整合不良，以及适应性和策略性学习过程的功能障碍。然而，大多数研究仅限于简化的认知测试或计算机化的选择游戏，这些都排除了真实的社会互动。本研究的目的是研究人类策略，特别是基于激励，尤其是免费搭车的认知和情感动机。我们检查了 41 名健康受试者（HS）和 37 名精神分裂症患者（SZ）在公共物品游戏（PGG）中的决策模式，PGG 是模拟人类合作和群体互动中免费搭车的游戏之一。通过迭代二进制 PGG 评估了战略决策过程中的认知理解、损失敏感性和 TOM。我们发现，贪婪和损失敏感性都会激励 HS 中的免费搭车行为，但与可能的损失相比，他们更容易受到贪婪的激励。更重要的是，SZ 明显表现出较低的免费搭车患病率和与 HS 不同的决策模式。SZ 中明显的非策略性和意外低的免费搭车行为可能是由于认知和情感信息整合不良。我们认为，损失敏感性、TOM 以及认知理解都参与了对免费搭车和合作行为的调节。
