Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:369-96. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100500. Epub 2011 Jul 1.
This review describes advances over the past decade in what is known about the individual experience of unemployment, predictors of reemployment, and interventions to speed employment. Research on the impact of unemployment has increased in sophistication, strengthening the causal conclusion that unemployment leads to declines in psychological and physical health and an increased incidence of suicide. This work has elucidated the risk factors and mechanisms associated with experiencing poor psychological health during unemployment; less so for physical health and suicide. Psychologists have begun to contribute to the study of factors associated with reemployment speed and quality. The past decade has especially illuminated the role of social networks and job search intensity in facilitating reemployment. Evidence suggests some individuals, especially members of minority groups, may face discrimination during their job search. Although more work in this arena is needed, several intervention-based programs have been shown to help individuals get back to work sooner.
这篇综述描述了过去十年中，人们对失业个体体验、再就业预测因素以及加速就业干预措施的认识所取得的进展。关于失业影响的研究在方法上日益完善，加强了失业导致心理和身体健康状况下降以及自杀率上升这一因果结论。这项工作阐明了与失业期间心理健康状况不佳相关的风险因素和机制；对于身体健康和自杀问题，则研究得较少。心理学家已开始研究与再就业速度和质量相关的因素。过去十年尤其凸显了社会网络和求职强度在促进再就业方面的作用。有证据表明，某些人，尤其是少数群体成员，在求职过程中可能会面临歧视。尽管这一领域还需要更多的工作，但已有的一些基于干预的方案已被证明可以帮助人们更快地重新就业。
