Department of Life Sciences, Roehampton University, Holybourne Avenue, London SW15 4JD, UK.
Public Health Nutr. 2012 Feb;15(2):238-45. doi: 10.1017/S136898001100111X. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
To experimentally compare the effects of eating or skipping breakfast on energy expenditure, activity levels and dietary habits.
A randomised cross-over trial, lasting 2 weeks. Participants were provided breakfast during one week and were required to fast until mid-day during the other week.
University campus.
Forty-nine participants (twenty-six female and twenty-three male participants) were recruited. Food intake was monitored using food diaries, and energy expenditure was assessed using pedometers and heart rate monitors. Morningness-eveningness, physical activity and health were assessed using validated questionnaires.
Across all participants, daily energy expenditure did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Total energy intake over 24 h did not vary with condition (male participants: 8134 (sd 447) kJ/d and 7514 (sd 368) kJ/d; female participants: 7778 (sd 410) kJ/d and 7531 (sd 535) kJ/d, for the breakfast and no-breakfast conditions, respectively). However, when comparing habitual breakfast eaters with those with irregular or breakfast-skipping habits, it was found that male non-habitual breakfast eaters consumed significantly (P = 0·029) more energy during the breakfast condition. Furthermore, female participants who were habitual breakfast eaters were found to eat significantly (P = 0·005) more and later in the day under the no-breakfast condition.
Although the suggestion that breakfast is a behavioural marker for appropriate dietary and physical activity patterns is not refuted by the present findings, our data suggest that the effect of breakfast may vary as a function of gender and morning eating habits, and thus there may be other mechanisms that link BMI and breakfast consumption behaviour.
实验比较吃早餐和不吃早餐对能量消耗、活动水平和饮食习惯的影响。
随机交叉试验，持续 2 周。在一周内为参与者提供早餐，而在另一周则要求他们空腹至中午。
大学校园。
招募了 49 名参与者（26 名女性和 23 名男性）。使用食物日记监测食物摄入量，使用计步器和心率监测器评估能量消耗。使用经过验证的问卷评估早晨-傍晚倾向、身体活动和健康状况。
在所有参与者中，两种实验条件下的日能量消耗没有差异。24 小时总能量摄入与条件无关（男性参与者：分别为 8134（sd 447）kJ/d 和 7514（sd 368）kJ/d；女性参与者：分别为 7778（sd 410）kJ/d 和 7531（sd 535）kJ/d，早餐和无早餐条件下）。然而，当比较习惯性早餐者与不规律或不吃早餐者时，发现男性非习惯性早餐者在早餐条件下消耗的能量显著（P = 0·029）更多。此外，发现习惯性早餐的女性参与者在无早餐条件下，当天进食量和时间显著（P = 0·005）更多。
虽然目前的发现并未否定早餐是适当饮食和身体活动模式的行为标志物的说法，但我们的数据表明，早餐的影响可能因性别和早晨饮食习惯的不同而有所差异，因此可能存在其他与 BMI 和早餐消费行为相关的机制。
