USDA-ARS, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, 9611 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2011 Jun;104(3):792-8. doi: 10.1603/ec10339.
A quarantine treatment using bale compression (32 kg/cm2 pressure) and phosphine fumigation (61 g/28.3 m3 aluminum phosphide for 7 d at 20 degrees C) was approved to control Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), in large-size, polypropylene fabric-wrapped bales exported from the western states to Japan. No Hessian fly puparia (45,366) survived to the adult stage in infested wheat, Triticum aestivum L., seedlings exposed to the treatment in a large-scale commercial test. Daily temperatures (mean +/- SEM) inside and among bales in three test freight containers were 17.8 +/- 0.2 front top, 17.0 +/- 0.2 front bottom, 17.3 +/- 0.2 middle bale, 15.7 +/- 0.3 middle air, 18.5 +/- 0.1 back top, and 18.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C back bottom, allowing the fumigation temperature to be established at > or = 20 degrees C. Mean fumigant concentrations ranged from 208 to 340 ppm during the first 3 d and ranged from 328 to 461 ppm after 7 d of fumigation. Copper plate corrosion values inside the doors, and in the middle of the large-size bales in all locations indicated moderate exposure to hydrogen phosphide (PH3). PH3 residues were below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerance of 0.1 ppm in animal feeds. The research was approved by Japan and U.S. regulatory agencies, and regulations were implemented on 20 May 2005. Compression in large-size bale compressors resulted in 3-3.6 and 0% survival of Hessian fly puparia and cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), respectively. Bale compression can be used as a single treatment for cereal leaf beetle and as a component in a systems approach for quarantine control of Hessian fly.
使用打包压缩（32 公斤/平方厘米的压力）和磷化氢熏蒸（在 20°C 下，每 28.3 立方米铝化磷 61 克，持续 7 天）的检疫处理方法被批准用于控制从美国西部出口到日本的大型聚丙烯包装捆中的欧洲玉米螟，五月粘虫（Say）。在大规模商业测试中，暴露于处理的受感染小麦，Triticum aestivum L.，幼苗中没有发现 45,366 个欧洲玉米螟蛹发育成成虫。在三个测试货运集装箱中的三个测试货运集装箱中，内部和捆之间的每日温度（平均值 +/- SEM）为前顶部 17.8 +/- 0.2°C，前底部 17.0 +/- 0.2°C，中间捆 17.3 +/- 0.2°C，中间空气 15.7 +/- 0.3°C，后顶部 18.5 +/- 0.1°C 和后底部 18.1 +/- 0.1°C，允许熏蒸温度设定在 >或= 20°C。在最初的 3 天内，熏蒸剂浓度范围从 208 到 340 ppm 不等，在 7 天的熏蒸后，浓度范围从 328 到 461 ppm 不等。门内和所有位置大型捆中间的铜片腐蚀值表明中等程度的磷化氢（PH3）暴露。PH3 残留量低于美国环保署在动物饲料中的 0.1 ppm 耐受量。该研究得到了日本和美国监管机构的批准，并于 2005 年 5 月 20 日实施了规定。大型捆压缩机中的压缩导致欧洲玉米螟蛹和黑麦叶甲，Oulema melanopus（L.）的存活率分别为 3-3.6%和 0%。打包压缩可单独用于黑麦叶甲，也可作为欧洲玉米螟检疫控制系统方法的组成部分。
