中年和老年的认知功能：心理社会和行为因素的综合影响。
Cognitive functioning in midlife and old age: combined effects of psychosocial and behavioral factors.
机构信息
Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA.
出版信息
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2011 Jul;66 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):i130-40. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbr017.
OBJECTIVES
This study examined the joint protective contribution of psychosocial and behavioral factors to cognitive functioning and 10-year change, beyond the influence of sociodemographic factors, physical risk factors, health status, and engagement in cognitive activities.
METHODS
Participants were from the National Study of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS), ages 32-84 at Time 2, and a subsample, the Boston Longitudinal Study (BOLOS), ages 34-84 at Time 2. We computed a composite protective measure including control beliefs, quality of social support, and physical exercise variables at two occasions, 9-10 years apart. Cognition was assessed at Time 2 in MIDUS and at both occasions in BOLOS. Multiple regressions were used for analysis.
RESULTS
In MIDUS, the more of the protective factors, the better the cognitive performance, and the protective composite moderated education differences in memory. In BOLOS, the Time 1 composite predicted change in reasoning abilities, with a greater protective effect for those with lower education.
DISCUSSION
A combination of modifiable psychosocial and behavioral factors has both concurrent and long-term protective effects on cognition in adulthood. The results are promising in that educational disparities in memory and reasoning were reduced, suggesting possible interventions to protect against cognitive declines.
目的
本研究考察了心理社会和行为因素对认知功能的联合保护作用，以及在社会人口因素、身体风险因素、健康状况和参与认知活动的影响之外，对认知功能 10 年变化的影响。
方法
参与者来自美国中年纵向研究（MIDUS），在第 2 次随访时年龄为 32-84 岁，这是一个亚组，波士顿纵向研究（BOLOS），在第 2 次随访时年龄为 34-84 岁。我们计算了一个包括控制信念、社会支持质量和 2 次随访（相隔 9-10 年）的身体锻炼变量的综合保护指标。在 MIDUS 中，在第 2 次随访时评估认知功能，在 BOLOS 中则在两次随访时都进行评估。使用多元回归进行分析。
结果
在 MIDUS 中，拥有越多的保护因素，认知表现越好，保护综合指标调节了记忆方面的教育差异。在 BOLOS 中，第 1 次随访时的综合指标预测了推理能力的变化，对于教育程度较低的人来说，保护作用更大。
讨论
一系列可改变的心理社会和行为因素对成年期的认知既有同期保护作用，也有长期保护作用。结果很有希望，因为记忆和推理方面的教育差距缩小了，这表明可能有干预措施可以预防认知能力下降。
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