Health Effects Assessment Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
Respir Res. 2011 Jul 13;12(1):92. doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-12-92.
The upper respiratory tract functions to protect lower respiratory structures from chemical and biological agents in inspired air. Cellular oxidative stress leading to acute and chronic inflammation contributes to the resultant pathology in many of these exposures and is typical of allergic disease, chronic sinusitis, pollutant exposure, and bacterial and viral infections. Little is known about the effective means by which topical treatment of the nose can strengthen its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defenses. The present study was undertaken to determine if naturally-occurring plant oils with reported antioxidant activity can provide mechanisms through which upper respiratory protection might occur.
Controlled exposure of the upper respiratory system to ozone and nasal biopsy were carried out in healthy human subjects to assess mitigation of the ozone-induced inflammatory response and to assess gene expression in the nasal mucosa induced by a mixture of five naturally-occurring antioxidant oils--aloe, coconut, orange, peppermint and vitamin E. Cells of the BEAS-2B and NCI-H23 epithelial cell lines were used to investigate the source and potential intracellular mechanisms of action responsible for oil-induced anti-inflammatory activity.
Aerosolized pretreatment with the mixed oil preparation significantly attenuated ozone-induced nasal inflammation. Although most oil components may reduce oxidant stress by undergoing reduction, orange oil was demonstrated to have the ability to induce long-lasting gene expression of several antioxidant enzymes linked to Nrf2, including HO-1, NQO1, GCLm and GCLc, and to mitigate the pro-inflammatory signaling of endotoxin in cell culture systems. Nrf2 activation was demonstrated. Treatment with the aerosolized oil preparation increased baseline levels of nasal mucosal HO-1 expression in 9 of 12 subjects.
These data indicate that selected oil-based antioxidant preparations can effectively reduce inflammation associated with oxidant stress-related challenge to the nasal mucosa. The potential for some oils to activate intracellular antioxidant pathways may provide a powerful mechanism through which effective and persistent cytoprotection against airborne environmental exposures can be provided in the upper respiratory mucosa.
上呼吸道的功能是保护下呼吸道免受吸入空气中的化学和生物制剂的侵害。导致急性和慢性炎症的细胞氧化应激导致这些暴露中的许多疾病的病理变化，这是过敏疾病、慢性鼻窦炎、污染物暴露以及细菌和病毒感染的典型特征。人们对局部治疗鼻子可以增强其抗氧化和抗炎防御的有效方法知之甚少。本研究旨在确定具有报道的抗氧化活性的天然植物油是否可以提供上呼吸道保护可能发生的机制。
在健康的人体受试者中进行上呼吸道系统对臭氧的受控暴露和鼻活检，以评估对臭氧诱导的炎症反应的缓解作用，并评估由五种天然抗氧化油（芦荟、椰子、橙子、薄荷和维生素 E）组成的混合物对鼻黏膜的基因表达。BEAS-2B 和 NCI-H23 上皮细胞系的细胞用于研究负责油诱导抗炎活性的来源和潜在的细胞内作用机制。
用混合油制剂进行气溶胶预处理可显著减轻臭氧引起的鼻炎症。尽管大多数油成分可能通过还原来减少氧化剂应激，但橙油被证明具有诱导与 Nrf2 相关的几种抗氧化酶（包括 HO-1、NQO1、GCLm 和 GCLc）的持久基因表达的能力，并在细胞培养系统中减轻内毒素的促炎信号。证明了 Nrf2 的激活。用气溶胶油制剂治疗可使 12 名受试者中的 9 名受试者的鼻黏膜 HO-1 表达基线水平升高。
这些数据表明，选定的基于油的抗氧化制剂可以有效减少与氧化应激相关的鼻黏膜挑战相关的炎症。一些油激活细胞内抗氧化途径的潜力可能为上呼吸道黏膜提供有效和持久的细胞保护提供了一种强大的机制，以对抗空气传播的环境暴露。
