Kömle Norbert I, Hütter Erika S, Macher Wolfgang, Kaufmann Erika, Kargl Günter, Knollenberg Jörg, Grott Matthias, Spohn Tilman, Wawrzaszek Roman, Banaszkiewicz Marek, Seweryn Karoly, Hagermann Axel
Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria.
Planet Space Sci. 2011 Jun;59(8):639-660. doi: 10.1016/j.pss.2011.03.004.
The thermo-mechanical properties of planetary surface and subsurface layers control to a high extent in which way a body interacts with its environment, in particular how it responds to solar irradiation and how it interacts with a potentially existing atmosphere. Furthermore, if the natural temperature profile over a certain depth can be measured in situ, this gives important information about the heat flux from the interior and thus about the thermal evolution of the body. Therefore, in most of the recent and planned planetary lander missions experiment packages for determining thermo-mechanical properties are part of the payload. Examples are the experiment MUPUS on Rosetta's comet lander Philae, the TECP instrument aboard NASA's Mars polar lander Phoenix, and the mole-type instrument HP(3) currently developed for use on upcoming lunar and Mars missions. In this review we describe several methods applied for measuring thermal conductivity and heat flux and discuss the particular difficulties faced when these properties have to be measured in a low pressure and low temperature environment. We point out the abilities and disadvantages of the different instruments and outline the evaluation procedures necessary to extract reliable thermal conductivity and heat flux data from in situ measurements.
行星表面和次表层的热机械特性在很大程度上决定了天体与环境相互作用的方式，特别是它对太阳辐射的响应方式以及与可能存在的大气的相互作用方式。此外，如果能够在原位测量一定深度范围内的自然温度剖面，这将提供有关来自内部的热通量的重要信息，从而了解天体的热演化。因此，在最近的大多数以及计划中的行星着陆器任务中，用于确定热机械特性的实验套件都是有效载荷的一部分。例如，罗塞塔号彗星着陆器“菲莱”上的MUPUS实验、美国国家航空航天局火星极地着陆器“凤凰号”上的TECP仪器，以及目前正在为即将进行的月球和火星任务开发的鼹鼠型仪器HP(3)。在这篇综述中，我们描述了几种用于测量热导率和热通量的方法，并讨论了在低压和低温环境中测量这些特性时所面临的特殊困难。我们指出了不同仪器的优缺点，并概述了从原位测量中提取可靠的热导率和热通量数据所需的评估程序。
