School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia.
Clin Psychol Psychother. 2012 Nov-Dec;19(6):459-72. doi: 10.1002/cpp.768. Epub 2011 Jul 20.
The interpersonal nature of the voice-hearing experience has been highlighted in recent studies investigating whether social processes (or 'schemas') that guide interpersonal interactions also govern the relationship between voice hearer and voice. A systematic literature review of relevant studies was undertaken, including those that investigated how social processes interact with appraisals of voices, as well as affective and behavioural responding to voices. The review included 13 studies published between 2000 and 2010. Two well-replicated findings emerged from the review. First, voice hearers who perceive themselves to be of low social rank (inferior) relative to others also feel inferior in relation to their voice and behave accordingly. Second, responding to voices from a position of closeness/dependency is associated with least distress. The review advocates for an extension of the Chadwick and Birchwood cognitive behavioural model of voices to include the mediating role of social schemata in explaining the affective and behavioural responses to voices. Only two interventions have yet targeted social schema variables utilizing different therapeutic approaches, both with some success. These clinical studies, as well as clinical implications drawn from the reviewed literature, will be discussed.
Social processes governing relationships in the real world are also at play in the relationship between voice hearer and voice. Social schemas also shape beliefs about-and responses to-voices and thus are important to target in therapy. Voice hearers may be able to develop a more equal, and thus less distressing, relationship with their voice by improving their perceived social rank relative to others. This may be achieved through assertiveness training, social skills training and/or self-esteem work. Cognitive behavioural therapy techniques can be instrumental in helping an individual to consider the beliefs they hold about their voices and the way in which they respond and relate to them. Addressing how past traumatic experiences have influenced the voice hearer's relationships with others and their voices in therapy is recommended.
最近的研究强调了听觉体验的人际性质，即指导人际互动的社会过程（或“图式”）是否也支配着听觉者与声音之间的关系。对相关研究进行了系统的文献回顾，包括调查社会过程如何与对声音的评价相互作用，以及对声音的情感和行为反应的研究。该综述包括了 2000 年至 2010 年期间发表的 13 项研究。综述中出现了两个得到很好验证的发现。首先，与他人相比，自我感知社会地位较低（劣势）的听觉者也会对自己的声音感到自卑，并相应地做出反应。其次，从亲近/依赖的角度回应声音与最少的困扰有关。该综述提倡将 Chadwick 和 Birchwood 的认知行为模型扩展到声音中，包括社会图式在解释对声音的情感和行为反应中的中介作用。只有两种干预措施利用不同的治疗方法针对社会图式变量，两者都取得了一些成功。这些临床研究以及从综述文献中得出的临床意义将在讨论中进行探讨。
在现实世界中支配人际关系的社会过程也在听觉者和声音之间的关系中发挥作用。社会图式也塑造了对声音的信念和反应，因此在治疗中很重要。听觉者可以通过提高相对于他人的感知社会地位，与自己的声音建立更平等、从而减轻痛苦的关系。这可以通过自信训练、社交技能训练和/或自尊工作来实现。认知行为疗法技术可以帮助个体考虑他们对声音的信念，以及他们对声音的反应和与声音的关系。建议在治疗中探讨过去的创伤经历如何影响听觉者与他人的关系以及他们与声音的关系。
