Duan Xiao-li, Wang Zong-shuang, Li Qin, Zhang Wen-jie, Huang Nan, Wang Bei-bei, Zhang Jin-liang
Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2011 May;32(5):1329-39.
This study was carried out in Biyang County, located in the junction of Yangtze river and Huaihe river. Drinking water samples of 20 sites in urban and rural areas in this county were collected to measure 14 heavy metals by ICP/MS. About 2 500 subjects with different age and sex were selected to measure exposure factors. Time-activity of drinking water by ingestion and dermal contact of each individual subject during the last three days were kept in dairy in detail by questionnaires. Intake of drinking water from direct and indirect consumption of water and time duration of dermal contact to water in each individual subject were kept in record based on real time measurements. Human health risks were assessed and sensitivity of exposure factors and uncertainty of risks were also analyzed. The results showed that the average drinking water intake rate of male and female are 2276 mL/d, 2265 mL/d in urban adults and 2464 mL/d, 2170 mL/d in rural adults respectively. Body surface area of male and female are 1.806 m2, 1.641 m2 in urban adults and 1.747 m2, 1.617 m2 in rural adults respectively. The contents of 14 heavy metals in this study area are all below the national drinking water standards. Cancer risks from exposure to As are ranged from 2.5 x 10(-6) to 5.2 x 10(-6) through ingestion and 1.1 x 10(-7) to 2.3 x 10(-7) through dermal exposure. Non-cancer risks are ranged from 2.1 x 10(-7) to 1.7 x 10(-6) through ingestion and 1.0 x 10(-8) to 6.0 x 10(-8) through dermal exposure. Non-cancer risks in rural population are 2.1 times to 5.6 times to the risks in urban populations. However all the risks are below the acceptable level. The sensitivity of various exposure factors including drinking water intake rate, dermal exposure time and body surface area are 71.5%. This indicates that exposure factors play a very important role in health risk assessment. Health risks in this research based on real measurement of exposure factors are about 0.94 time to 6.33 times higher than the risks based on the references of the data from the exposure factors handbooks in other countries. This study showed that the accuracy of health risk assessment could be improved a lot by the real measurements of exposure factors. Attentions should be attached to exposure factor investigation to decrease uncertainty of health risk assessment.
本研究在位于长江与淮河交界处的泌阳县开展。采集了该县城乡20个地点的饮用水样本，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP/MS）测定14种重金属含量。选取了约2500名不同年龄和性别的受试者测量暴露因素。通过问卷调查详细记录了每位受试者在过去三天内经口摄入和皮肤接触饮用水的时间活动情况。根据实时测量记录了每位受试者直接和间接饮水的摄入量以及皮肤接触水的持续时间。评估了人体健康风险，并分析了暴露因素的敏感性和风险的不确定性。结果表明，城市成年男性和女性的平均饮水量分别为2276毫升/天和2265毫升/天，农村成年男性和女性分别为2464毫升/天和2170毫升/天。城市成年男性和女性的体表面积分别为1.806平方米和1.641平方米，农村成年男性和女性分别为1.747平方米和1.617平方米。本研究区域内14种重金属含量均低于国家饮用水标准。通过摄入途径接触砷的致癌风险范围为2.5×10⁻⁶至5.2×10⁻⁶，通过皮肤接触途径为1.1×10⁻⁷至2.3×10⁻⁷。非致癌风险通过摄入途径范围为2.1×10⁻⁷至1.7×10⁻⁶，通过皮肤接触途径为1.0×10⁻⁸至6.0×10⁻⁸。农村人口的非致癌风险是城市人口的2.1倍至5.6倍。然而，所有风险均低于可接受水平。包括饮水量、皮肤接触时间和体表面积等各种暴露因素的敏感性为71.5%。这表明暴露因素在健康风险评估中起着非常重要的作用。本研究基于暴露因素实际测量的健康风险比其他国家暴露因素手册数据参考值的风险高约0.94倍至6.33倍。该研究表明，通过实际测量暴露因素可大幅提高健康风险评估的准确性。应重视暴露因素调查以降低健康风险评估的不确定性。
