State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Changchun, 130117, China.
School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
Environ Geochem Health. 2019 Dec;41(6):2473-2489. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00293-8. Epub 2019 Apr 29.
This case study was performed to determine whether the pollutants in water of urban park could bring health risk to human engaging in water-related activities such as swimming and provide evidence demonstrating the critical need for strengthened recreational water resources management of urban park. TN, NH-N, TP, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, Pb, As, Cd and Cr(VI) contents were determined to describe the spatial distribution of contaminations; sources apportionment with the method of correlation analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis were followed by health risk assessment for swimmers of different age groups. The results reveal that element contents in all sites do not exceed Chinese standard for swimming area and European Commission standard for surface water; all detected elements except Cr(VI) have a tendency to accumulate in the location of lake crossing bridge; Mn and Zn are considered to have the same pollution source including geogenic and anthropogenic sources by multivariable analysis. Carcinogenic risks of different age groups descend in the same order with non-carcinogenic risks. Among all elements, Zn and Mn contribute the lowest non-carcinogenic risk (5.1940E-06) and the highest non-carcinogenic risk (7.9921E-04) through skin contact pathway, respectively. The total average personal risk for swimmers in swimming area is 1.9693E-03, and this site is not suitable for swimming. Overall, it is possible that swimmers are exposed to risk via the dermal route when carrying out water-related activities, it is recommended that necessary precautions and management should be taken in other similar locations around the world.
本案例研究旨在确定城市公园水中的污染物是否会对从事游泳等与水相关活动的人类健康造成风险，并提供证据表明加强城市公园娱乐性水资源管理的必要性。测定了 TN、NH-N、TP、Cu、Mn、Zn、Se、Pb、As、Cd 和 Cr(VI)的含量，以描述污染的空间分布；采用相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析等方法对污染源进行了分配，然后对不同年龄组游泳者进行了健康风险评估。结果表明，所有地点的元素含量均未超过中国游泳区标准和欧盟地表水标准；除 Cr(VI)外，所有检测到的元素都有在湖桥过境点积聚的趋势；多元分析表明 Mn 和 Zn 具有相同的污染源，包括地球成因和人为来源。不同年龄组的致癌风险以相同的顺序低于非致癌风险。在所有元素中，通过皮肤接触途径，Zn 和 Mn 分别对非致癌风险的贡献最低（5.1940E-06）和最高（7.9921E-04）。游泳区游泳者的总平均个人风险为 1.9693E-03，该区域不适合游泳。总体而言，游泳者在进行与水相关的活动时，通过皮肤接触途径可能会接触到风险，建议在世界其他类似地区采取必要的预防措施和管理措施。
