Roubertoux Pierre L, Carlier Michèle
Aix Marseille Université, INSERM U 910: Génétique Médicale, Génomique Fonctionnelle, Marseille, France.
J Physiol Paris. 2011 Dec;105(4-6):190-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2011.07.004. Epub 2011 Jul 14.
After sequencing the human genome, scientists believed it would be possible to draw up a list of diseases, morphological characteristics and behavioral traits linked to each gene, but the post-genome era has shown that while links between genes and phenotypes, including behavioral phenotypes, do exist, they are more complex than was previously thought. There is no linear connection between genotype and brain and between brain and behavior; consequently, genomic and behavioral levels of organization are not isomorphous. There is no isomorphism because one gene plays many different roles, which means that the integrative processes needed for the development and functioning of an organism inevitably occurs in situations of non-linear multiple causality. Pleiotropy and epistasis, interactions between genes and the environment, alternative splicing and neuronal integration are all crucial mechanisms contributing to the many and varied aspects of brain-related genes.
在对人类基因组进行测序之后，科学家们曾认为有可能列出一份与每个基因相关的疾病、形态特征和行为特征清单，但后基因组时代表明，虽然基因与表型（包括行为表型）之间确实存在联系，但它们比之前认为的更为复杂。基因型与大脑之间以及大脑与行为之间不存在线性联系；因此，基因组和行为层面的组织并非同构。不存在同构是因为一个基因发挥着许多不同的作用，这意味着生物体发育和功能所需的整合过程不可避免地发生在非线性多重因果关系的情况下。基因多效性和上位性、基因与环境之间的相互作用、可变剪接和神经元整合都是促成与大脑相关基因诸多不同方面的关键机制。
