Mainella Fran P, Agate Joel R, Clark Brianna S
Clemson University, USA.
New Dir Youth Dev. 2011 Summer;2011(130):89-104. doi: 10.1002/yd.399.
Throughout history, outdoor-based play and the connection to nature have been recognized as important contributors to a happy life and healthy development. At times, however, play and nature have been neglected and viewed as frivolous and wasteful. In the early twentieth century, the first play movement took place to get children out of the factories and back outdoors to play. Now, a century later, factors including twenty-four-hour media,stranger danger, and overscheduling of children's time have resulted in a level of play deprivation that is contributing to a host of social, emotional, and physical problems. This article draws on recent research that shows that as many as 40 percent of America's schools have eliminated or significantly reduced recess. Also, children and adolescents are spending an average of fifty-three hours each week in front of screen media, and only 31 percent of mothers report that their children play outside as frequently as they did as children. The deficits in outdoor-based play that arise from these lifestyles have resulted in significant increases in emotional and psychological disorders, decreased capacity to deal with stressors, and decreased physical fitness. This article describes specific organizations and programs that address the problem of play deprivation and reconnection to the outdoors.
纵观历史，户外玩耍以及与自然的联系一直被视为幸福生活和健康发展的重要因素。然而，有时玩耍和自然被忽视，被视为琐碎和浪费时间的事情。在20世纪初，发起了第一场玩耍运动，让孩子们走出工厂，回到户外玩耍。如今，一个世纪过去了，包括全天候媒体、陌生人危险以及孩子时间安排过度等因素，导致了一定程度的玩耍剥夺，这引发了一系列社会、情感和身体问题。本文借鉴了近期的研究，该研究表明，多达40%的美国学校已经取消或大幅减少了课间休息时间。此外，儿童和青少年平均每周花53个小时在屏幕媒体前，只有31%的母亲表示她们的孩子像她们小时候那样经常在户外玩耍。这些生活方式导致的户外玩耍不足，已造成情绪和心理障碍显著增加、应对压力源的能力下降以及身体素质下降。本文介绍了一些具体的组织和项目，它们致力于解决玩耍剥夺以及与户外重新建立联系的问题。
