Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
J Nucl Med. 2011 Sep;52(9):1423-32. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.111.091413. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
The Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power facility, in the Futaba District of the Fukushima Prefecture in Japan, was severely damaged by the earthquake and ensuing tsunami that struck off the northern coast of the island of Honshu on March 11, 2011. The resulting structural damage to the plant disabled the reactor's cooling systems and led to significant, ongoing environmental releases of radioactivity, triggering a mandatory evacuation of a large area surrounding the plant. The status of the facility continues to change, and permanent control of its radioactive inventory has not yet been achieved. The purpose of this educational article is to summarize the short-term chronology, radiologic consequences, emergency responses, and long-term challenges associated with this event. Although there is ongoing debate on preparedness before the event and the candor of responsible entities in recognizing and disclosing its severity, it largely appears that appropriate key actions were taken by the Japanese authorities during the event that should mitigate any radiologic health impact. These actions include an organized evacuation of over 200,000 inhabitants from the vicinity of the site and areas early in the emergency; monitoring of food and water and placement of radiation limits on such foodstuffs; distribution of stable potassium iodide; and systematic scanning of evacuees. However, the risk of additional fuel damage and of further, perhaps substantial, releases persists. The situation at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility remains fluid, and the long-term environmental and health impact will likely take years to fully delineate.
日本福岛县福岛郡的福岛第一核电站设施在 2011 年 3 月 11 日遭受了日本本州岛北部沿海地震和海啸的严重破坏。随后，该核电站的设施结构损坏使反应堆的冷却系统瘫痪，并导致放射性物质持续大量释放到环境中，这促使核电站周边的大片区域人员必须进行强制撤离。该设施的现状仍在不断变化，目前尚未实现对其放射性库存的永久控制。本文旨在概述与该事件相关的短期时间轴、放射性后果、应急响应和长期挑战。尽管人们对事件发生前的准备情况以及相关责任方在承认和披露其严重程度方面的坦诚程度存在持续争议，但日本当局在事件发生期间采取的一些关键行动似乎在减轻任何放射性健康影响方面发挥了作用。这些行动包括有组织地从现场和紧急情况早期的周边地区疏散超过 20 万居民；对食物和水进行监测，并对这些食品设置放射性限制；分发稳定的碘化钾；以及对撤离者进行系统扫描。然而，燃料进一步损坏和可能进一步发生大量放射性物质释放的风险仍然存在。福岛第一核电站设施的情况仍在变化，其对环境和健康的长期影响可能需要数年时间才能完全显现。
