Dynamic Decision Making Laboratory, Department of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Psychol Rev. 2011 Oct;118(4):523-51. doi: 10.1037/a0024558.
In decisions from experience, there are 2 experimental paradigms: sampling and repeated-choice. In the sampling paradigm, participants sample between 2 options as many times as they want (i.e., the stopping point is variable), observe the outcome with no real consequences each time, and finally select 1 of the 2 options that cause them to earn or lose money. In the repeated-choice paradigm, participants select 1 of the 2 options for a fixed number of times and receive immediate outcome feedback that affects their earnings. These 2 experimental paradigms have been studied independently, and different cognitive processes have often been assumed to take place in each, as represented in widely diverse computational models. We demonstrate that behavior in these 2 paradigms relies upon common cognitive processes proposed by the instance-based learning theory (IBLT; Gonzalez, Lerch, & Lebiere, 2003) and that the stopping point is the only difference between the 2 paradigms. A single cognitive model based on IBLT (with an added stopping point rule in the sampling paradigm) captures human choices and predicts the sequence of choice selections across both paradigms. We integrate the paradigms through quantitative model comparison, where IBLT outperforms the best models created for each paradigm separately. We discuss the implications for the psychology of decision making.
在经验决策中，有两种实验范式：采样和重复选择。在采样范式中，参与者可以根据自己的意愿多次在两个选项之间进行采样（即，停止点是可变的），每次观察没有实际后果的结果，最后选择两个选项中的一个，这将导致他们获得或损失金钱。在重复选择范式中，参与者选择两个选项中的一个，进行固定次数的选择，并立即获得影响其收益的结果反馈。这两种实验范式已经被独立研究，通常假设在每种范式中都会发生不同的认知过程，这反映在广泛的计算模型中。我们证明，这两种范式中的行为依赖于实例学习理论（IBLT；Gonzalez、Lerch 和 Lebiere，2003）所提出的共同认知过程，而停止点是这两种范式之间的唯一区别。基于 IBLT 的单一认知模型（在采样范式中添加停止点规则）可以捕捉人类的选择，并预测两种范式中选择序列的选择。我们通过定量模型比较来整合这些范式，在这种比较中，IBLT 优于为每个范式分别创建的最佳模型。我们讨论了这对决策心理学的影响。
