Academician Yu. Isakov Research Group, Bakulev Scientific Center for Cardiovascular Surgery, Moscow, Russia.
Benef Microbes. 2011 Mar;2(1):63-78. doi: 10.3920/BM2010.0017.
This review shows that mass spectrometry of microbial markers (MSMM) permits simultaneous in situ determination of more than one hundred microbial fatty acids in clinical, biotechnological or environmental samples, without precultivation and use of biochemical test materials and primers. Unprecedented information about the quantity of anaerobes and uncultivated aerobes, as well as actinobacteria, yeasts, viruses and microscopic fungi in one sample has provided a full understanding of microbial etiology in clinical conditions of patients. The study of intestine dysbiosis has confirmed the hypothesis about the nosological specificity of changes in the intestinal microbiota. It has been proven that infectious processes are polymicrobial. Measurements have shown that anaerobes dominate in number and functional activities in inflammation. The division of microbes into pathogenic and non- pathogenic is artificial. All microbes living in a human body simultaneously stay in both forms. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria appear as agents of septic conditions and endocarditis. МSММ data confirm that anaerobes of Clostridium, Eubacterium, Propionibacterium, as well as actinobacteria of Streptomyces, Nocardia, Rhodococcus are mixed infection dominants. The data testify translocation of these microbes in inflammation loci from the intestine. Quantitative comparison of concentration of markers in the inflamed organ and blood proves reproduction of microorganisms in this locus. The current hypothesis is confirmed that the goal of translocation is not only infection, but also a biofilm formation similar to intestines, which stimulate local immunity, protection from local pathogens and restoration of the damaged tissues. Quantification using GC-MS revealed that the influence of antibiotics on the normal intestine's microbiota are not as dramatic as believed. Growth-promoting effects are the most important benefits of probiotic applications. The probiotic essence is not the microbial biomass itself, but growth factors, alarm molecules, and other factors of intestinal microbes. There are new possibilities in improving probiotics by using microbial 'consortia', modelling real gut microbiota.
这篇综述表明，微生物标志物的质谱分析（MSMM）允许在无需预培养和使用生化测试材料和引物的情况下，同时原位测定临床、生物技术或环境样本中一百多种微生物脂肪酸。在一个样本中，关于厌氧菌和未培养需氧菌以及放线菌、酵母、病毒和微观真菌数量的前所未有的信息，提供了对患者临床条件下微生物病因的全面了解。肠道菌群失调的研究证实了关于肠道微生物群变化的疾病特异性假说。已经证明，感染过程是多微生物的。测量表明，厌氧菌在数量和功能活性方面在炎症中占主导地位。将微生物分为致病和非致病是人为的。所有生活在人体中的微生物同时处于两种形式。乳杆菌和双歧杆菌似乎是败血症和心内膜炎的原因。MSMM 数据证实，梭菌、真杆菌、丙酸杆菌的厌氧菌以及链霉菌、诺卡氏菌、红球菌的放线菌是混合感染的优势菌。这些微生物从肠道向炎症部位转移的数据得到证实。在发炎器官和血液中标记物浓度的定量比较证明了微生物在该部位的繁殖。目前的假设得到证实，转移的目的不仅是感染，还有类似于肠道的生物膜形成，这刺激局部免疫、保护局部病原体和受损组织的修复。使用 GC-MS 进行定量发现，抗生素对正常肠道微生物群的影响并不像人们想象的那么大。促进生长的作用是益生菌应用的最重要益处。益生菌的本质不是微生物生物量本身，而是生长因子、警报分子和其他肠道微生物的其他因素。通过使用微生物“联合体”来改进益生菌，模拟真实的肠道微生物群，有了新的可能性。
