School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
Environ Manage. 2011 Oct;48(4):734-49. doi: 10.1007/s00267-011-9728-y. Epub 2011 Aug 11.
Partnerships between natural-area managers and the tourism industry have been suggested to contribute to sustainability in protected areas. This article explores how important sustainability outcomes of partnerships are to their members, how well they are realised and the features of partnerships leading to their achievement. In 21 case studies in Australia, interviews (n = 97) and surveys (n = 100) showed that of 14 sustainability outcomes, improved understanding of protected areas values and improved biodiversity conservation were the most important. Other highly ranked outcomes were greater respect for culture, heritage, and/or traditions; improved quality of environmental conditions; social benefits to local communities; and improved economic viability of the protected area. Scores for satisfaction with outcomes were, like those for importance, all high but were less than those for importance for the majority, with improvement in quality of environmental conditions showing the largest gap. The satisfaction score exceeded that for importance only for increased competitiveness of the protected area as a tourist destination. "Brown" aspects of sustainability, i.e., decreased waste or energy use, were among the lowest-scoring outcomes for both importance and satisfaction. The most important factor enabling sustainability outcomes was provision of benefits to partnership members. Others were increased financial support, inclusiveness, supportive organisational and administrative arrangements, direct involvement of decision makers, partnership maturity, creation of new relationships, decreased conflict, and stimulation of innovation. Improving sustainability outcomes, therefore, requires maintaining these partnership attributes and also increasing emphasis on reducing waste and resource use.
自然保护区管理者与旅游业之间的伙伴关系被认为有助于保护区的可持续性。本文探讨了伙伴关系的重要可持续性成果对其成员的重要性、实现程度以及导致这些成果的伙伴关系特征。在澳大利亚的 21 个案例研究中，访谈（n=97）和调查（n=100）表明，在 14 个可持续性成果中，提高对保护区价值的理解和改善生物多样性保护最为重要。其他排名较高的成果包括对文化、遗产和/或传统的更大尊重；改善环境条件的质量；为当地社区带来的社会效益；以及提高保护区的经济可行性。对成果的满意度评分与重要性评分一样，都很高，但对大多数成果的满意度评分低于重要性评分，其中改善环境条件的质量显示出最大差距。满意度评分仅高于对保护区作为旅游目的地的竞争力提高的重要性评分。“棕色”可持续性方面，即减少废物或能源使用，在重要性和满意度方面的得分都较低。使可持续性成果成为可能的最重要因素是为伙伴关系成员提供利益。其他因素包括增加财政支持、包容性、支持性的组织和行政安排、决策者的直接参与、伙伴关系成熟度、建立新关系、减少冲突和激发创新。因此，要提高可持续性成果，需要保持这些伙伴关系属性，并更加注重减少废物和资源的使用。
