State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
Chemosphere. 2011 Oct;85(6):1010-6. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.024. Epub 2011 Aug 12.
Cypermethrin, a type II pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used throughout the world in agriculture, forestry, horticulture and homes. Though the neurotoxicity of cypermethrin has been thoroughly studied in adult rodents, little is so far available regarding the developmental toxicity of cypermethrin to fish in early life stages. To explore the potential developmental toxicity of cypermethrin, 4-h post-fertilization (hpf) zebrafish embryos were exposed to various concentrations of cypermethrin (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μg L⁻¹) until 96 h. Among a suite of morphological abnormalities, the unique phenotype curvature was observed at concentrations as low as 25 μg L⁻¹. Studies revealed that 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin significantly increased malondialdehyde production. In addition, activity of antioxidative enzymes including superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly induced in zebrafish larvae in a concentration-dependent manner. To further investigate the toxic effects of cypermethrin on fish, acridine orange (AO) staining was performed at 400 μg L⁻¹ cypermethrin and the result showed notable signs of apoptosis mainly in the nervous system. Cypermethrin also down-regulated ogg1 and increased p53 gene expression as well as the caspase-3 activity. Our results demonstrate that cypermethrin was able to induce oxidative stress and produce apoptosis through the involvement of caspases in zebrafish embryos. In this study, we investigated the developmental toxicity of cypermethrin using zebrafish embryos, which could be helpful in fully understanding the potential mechanisms of cypermethrin exposure during embryogenesis and also suggested that zebrafish could serve as an ideal model for studying developmental toxicity of environmental contaminants.
氯菊酯是一种 II 型拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂，在农业、林业、园艺和家庭中被广泛使用。尽管氯菊酯在成年啮齿动物中的神经毒性已被彻底研究，但目前关于其对鱼类早期发育毒性的信息还很少。为了探索氯菊酯的潜在发育毒性，将 4 小时后受精（hpf）的斑马鱼胚胎暴露于不同浓度的氯菊酯（0、25、50、100、200 和 400μg/L）中，直至 96 小时。在一系列形态异常中，在低至 25μg/L 的浓度下观察到独特的表型弯曲。研究表明，400μg/L 的氯菊酯显著增加了丙二醛的产生。此外，超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶的活性也以浓度依赖的方式在斑马鱼幼虫中显著诱导。为了进一步研究氯菊酯对鱼类的毒性作用，在 400μg/L 的氯菊酯中进行了吖啶橙（AO）染色，结果显示主要在神经系统中出现明显的凋亡迹象。氯菊酯还下调了 ogg1，增加了 p53 基因表达和 caspase-3 活性。我们的结果表明，氯菊酯能够通过 caspase 的参与诱导氧化应激并在斑马鱼胚胎中产生细胞凋亡。在这项研究中，我们使用斑马鱼胚胎研究了氯菊酯的发育毒性，这有助于充分了解胚胎发生期间氯菊酯暴露的潜在机制，并表明斑马鱼可以作为研究环境污染物发育毒性的理想模型。
