University of British Columbia and Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada.
Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):959-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529.
To be successful takes creativity, flexibility, self-control, and discipline. Central to all those are executive functions, including mentally playing with ideas, giving a considered rather than an impulsive response, and staying focused. Diverse activities have been shown to improve children's executive functions: computerized training, noncomputerized games, aerobics, martial arts, yoga, mindfulness, and school curricula. All successful programs involve repeated practice and progressively increase the challenge to executive functions. Children with worse executive functions benefit most from these activities; thus, early executive-function training may avert widening achievement gaps later. To improve executive functions, focusing narrowly on them may not be as effective as also addressing emotional and social development (as do curricula that improve executive functions) and physical development (shown by positive effects of aerobics, martial arts, and yoga).
成功需要创造力、灵活性、自我控制和纪律。所有这些都以执行功能为核心，包括在头脑中玩弄想法、深思熟虑而不是冲动反应，以及保持专注。各种活动已被证明可以提高儿童的执行功能：计算机化训练、非计算机化游戏、有氧运动、武术、瑜伽、正念和学校课程。所有成功的项目都涉及反复练习，并逐步增加对执行功能的挑战。执行功能较差的儿童从这些活动中获益最多；因此，早期的执行功能训练可能会避免以后成绩差距的扩大。为了提高执行功能，仅仅专注于执行功能可能不如同时解决情感和社会发展（如提高执行功能的课程）和身体发展（有氧运动、武术和瑜伽的积极影响所示）那样有效。
