Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.
J Adolesc Health. 2011 Sep;49(3):312-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.017. Epub 2011 Apr 22.
To compare the levels of risk and protective factors and the predictive influence of these factors on alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use over a 12-month follow-up period in Washington State in the United States and in Victoria, Australia.
The study involved a longitudinal school-based survey of students drawn as a two-stage cluster sample recruited through schools, and administered in the years 2002 and 2003 in both states. The study used statewide representative samples of students in the seventh and ninth grades (n = 3,876) in Washington State and Victoria.
Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, had higher rates of cannabis use but lower rates of alcohol and tobacco use at time 1. Levels of risk and protective factors showed few but important differences that contribute to the explanation of differences in substance use; Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, reported higher religiosity (odds ratio, .96 vs. .79) and availability of handguns (odds ratio, 1.23 vs. 1.18), but less favorable peer, community, and parental attitudes to substance use. The associations with substance use at follow-up are generally comparable, but in many instances were weaker in Washington State.
Levels of risk and protective factors and their associations with substance use at follow-up were mostly similar in the two states. Further high-quality longitudinal studies to establish invariance in the relations between risk and protective factors and substance use in adolescence across diverse countries are warranted.
比较美国华盛顿州和澳大利亚维多利亚州在为期 12 个月的随访期间，风险和保护因素的水平以及这些因素对酒精、烟草和大麻使用的预测影响。
这项研究采用了一种基于学校的纵向学生调查，通过学校进行两阶段聚类抽样招募，并于 2002 年和 2003 年在这两个州进行。研究使用了华盛顿州和维多利亚州 7 年级和 9 年级全州代表性学生样本（n=3876）。
与维多利亚州的学生相比，华盛顿州的学生在第 1 次使用大麻的比例更高，但使用酒精和烟草的比例较低。风险和保护因素的水平存在一些但很重要的差异，这些差异有助于解释物质使用方面的差异；与维多利亚州的学生相比，华盛顿州的学生报告宗教信仰程度更高（优势比，0.96 对 0.79），手枪更容易获得（优势比，1.23 对 1.18），但对物质使用的同伴、社区和父母态度不太有利。与随访时物质使用的关联通常是可比的，但在华盛顿州的许多情况下，关联较弱。
这两个州的风险和保护因素的水平及其与随访时物质使用的关联大多相似。需要进一步进行高质量的纵向研究，以确定在不同国家的青少年中，风险和保护因素与物质使用之间的关系具有不变性。
