School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
Water Res. 2011 Oct 15;45(16):5218-28. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.07.026. Epub 2011 Jul 29.
The occurrence of nineteen pharmaceutically active compounds and personal care products was followed monthly for 12 months after various stages of treatment in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant in Gwinnett County, GA, U.S.A. Twenty-four hour composite samples were collected after primary clarification, activated sludge biological treatment, membrane filtration, granular media filtration, granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption, and ozonation in the wastewater reclamation plant. Compounds were identified and quantified using high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after solid-phase extraction. Standard addition methods were employed to compensate for matrix effects. Sixteen of the targeted compounds were detected in the primary effluent; sulfadimethoxine, doxycycline, and iopromide were not found. Caffeine and acetaminophen were found at the highest concentrations (∼10(5) ng/L), followed by ibuprofen (∼10(4) ng/L), sulfamethoxazole and DEET (∼10(3) ng/L). Most of the other compounds were found at concentrations on the order of hundreds of ng/L. After activated sludge treatment and membrane filtration, the concentrations of caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, DEET, tetracycline, and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) had decreased by more than 90%. Erythromycin and carbamazepine, which were resistant to biological treatment, were eliminated by 74 and 88%, on average, by GAC. Primidone, DEET, and caffeine were not amenable to adsorption by GAC. Ozonation oxidized most of the remaining compounds by >60%, except for primidone and DEET. Of the initial 16 compounds identified in the primary effluent, only sulfamethoxazole, primidone, caffeine and DEET were frequently detected in the final effluent, but at concentrations on the order of 10-100 ng/L. Removal of the different agents by the various treatment processes was related to the physical-chemical properties of the compounds.
在美国佐治亚州格温内特县的一家高级废水回收厂，在不同处理阶段后，每月对 19 种药物活性化合物和个人护理产品进行跟踪监测，时间长达 12 个月。在废水回收厂中，对原水澄清、活性污泥生物处理、膜过滤、颗粒介质过滤、颗粒活性炭（GAC）吸附和臭氧氧化后，采集 24 小时复合样本。使用高效液相色谱/串联质谱（LC-MS/MS）和气相色谱/质谱（GC-MS）通过固相萃取对化合物进行鉴定和定量。采用标准添加法补偿基质效应。在初级污水中检测到 16 种目标化合物；未检出磺胺二甲氧嘧啶、强力霉素和碘普罗胺。咖啡因和对乙酰氨基酚的浓度最高（约 105ng/L），其次是布洛芬（约 104ng/L）、磺胺甲恶唑和 DEET（约 103ng/L）。其他大多数化合物的浓度为数百 ng/L。经过活性污泥处理和膜过滤后，咖啡因、对乙酰氨基酚、布洛芬、DEET、四环素和 17α-乙炔基雌二醇（EE2）的浓度降低了 90%以上。对生物处理具有抗性的红霉素和卡马西平，平均被 GAC 去除了 74%和 88%。普里米酮、DEET 和咖啡因不易被 GAC 吸附。臭氧氧化将大部分剩余化合物氧化了>60%，除了普里米酮和 DEET。在原水初级污水中最初鉴定的 16 种化合物中，只有磺胺甲恶唑、普里米酮、咖啡因和 DEET 在最终污水中频繁检测到，但浓度为 10-100ng/L。不同处理过程对不同药剂的去除与化合物的物理化学性质有关。
