Poultry Production and Product Unit, Plant Science 115, Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetterville, AR 72701, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2011 Sep-Oct;40(5):1395-404. doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0383.
We measured NH₃ emissions from litter in broiler houses, during storage, and after land application and conducted a mass balance of N in poultry houses. Four state-of-the-art tunnel-ventilated broiler houses in northwest Arkansas were equipped with NH₃ sensors, anemometers, and data loggers to continuously record NH₃ concentrations and ventilation for 1 yr. Gaseous fluxes of NH₃, N₂O, CH₄, and CO₂ from litter were measured. Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were quantified. Ammonia emissions during storage and after land application were measured. Ammonia emissions during the flock averaged approximately 15.2 kg per day-house (equivalent to 28.3 g NH₃per bird marketed). Emissions between flocks equaled 9.09 g NH₃ per bird. Hence, in-house NH₃ emissions were 37.5 g NH₃ per bird, or 14.5 g kg(-1) bird marketed (50-d-old birds). The mass balance study showed N inputs for the year to the four houses totaled 71,340 kg N, with inputs from bedding, chicks, and feed equal to 303, 602, and 70,435 kg, respectively (equivalent to 0.60, 1.19, and 139.56 g N per bird). Nitrogen outputs totaled 70,396 kg N. Annual N output from birds marketed, NH₃ emissions, litter or cake, mortality, and NO₂ emissions was 39,485, 15,571, 14,464, 635, and 241 kg N, respectively (equivalent to 78.2, 30.8, 28.7, 1.3, and 0.5 g N per bird). The percent N recovery for the N mass balance study was 98.8%. Ammonia emissions from stacked litter during a 16-d storage period were 172 g Mg(-1) litter, which is equivalent to 0.18 g NH₃ per bird. Ammonia losses from poultry litter broadcast to pastures were 34 kg N ha (equivalent to 15% of total N applied or 7.91 g NH₃ per bird). When the litter was incorporated into the pasture using a new knifing technique, NH₃ losses were virtually zero. The total NH₃ emission factor for broilers measured in this study, which includes losses in-house, during storage, and after land application, was 45.6 g NH₃ per bird marketed.
我们测量了鸡舍垫料、储存和土地应用过程中的氨气排放，并对家禽舍中的氮进行了质量平衡分析。阿肯色州西北部的四个最先进的隧道通风肉鸡舍配备了氨气传感器、风速计和数据记录仪，以连续记录 1 年的氨气浓度和通风情况。测量了垫料中 NH₃、N₂O、CH₄ 和 CO₂的气态通量。量化了氮（N）的投入和产出。测量了储存和土地应用后的氨气排放。鸡群在 flock 期间的氨气排放量平均每天约为 15.2 公斤/鸡舍（相当于每只上市鸡 28.3 克 NH₃）。鸡群之间的排放量相当于每只鸡 9.09 克 NH₃。因此，鸡舍内的氨气排放量为每只鸡 37.5 克 NH₃，或每只上市鸡 14.5 克 NH₃/公斤（50 日龄鸡）。质量平衡研究表明，这四座鸡舍一年内的氮素输入总量为 71340 公斤 N，其中垫料、雏鸡和饲料的输入分别为 303、602 和 70435 公斤（相当于每只鸡 0.60、1.19 和 139.56 克 N）。氮素输出总量为 70396 公斤 N。上市鸡的年氮素输出、NH₃排放、垫料或鸡粪、死亡率和 NO₂排放分别为 39485、15571、14464、635 和 241 公斤 N（相当于每只鸡 78.2、30.8、28.7、1.3 和 0.5 克 N）。氮素质量平衡研究的氮素回收率为 98.8%。在 16 天的储存期内，堆积垫料的氨气排放量为 172 克 Mg(-1) 垫料，相当于每只鸡 0.18 克 NH₃。家禽粪便撒播到牧场上的氨气损失为 34 公斤 N/公顷（相当于总氮施用量的 15%或每只鸡 7.91 克 NH₃）。当使用新的刀耕火种技术将垫料纳入牧场时，氨气损失几乎为零。本研究中测量的肉鸡总 NH₃排放因子包括鸡舍内、储存和土地应用过程中的损失，为每只上市鸡 45.6 克 NH₃。
