Molloy Alysha, Rowe Fiona J
Directorate of Orthoptics and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, UK.
Strabismus. 2011 Sep;19(3):77-84. doi: 10.3109/09273972.2011.600417.
To review the literature on visual impairment in children in order to determine which manneristic behaviors are associated with visual impairment, and to establish why these behaviors occur and whether severity of visual impairment influences these behaviors.
A literature search utilizing PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge databases was performed. The University of Liverpool ( www.liv.ac.uk/orthoptics/research ) and local library facilities were also searched.
The main manneristic or stereotypic behaviors associated with visual impairment are eye-manipulatory behaviors, such as eye poking and rocking. The degree of visual impairment influences the type of behavior exhibited by visually impaired children. Totally blind children are more likely to adopt body and head movements whereas sight-impaired children tend to adopt eye-manipulatory behaviors and rocking. The mannerisms exhibited most frequently are those that provide a specific stimulation to the child. Theories to explain these behaviors include behavioral, developmental, functional, and neurobiological approaches. Although the precise etiology of these behaviors is unknown, it is recognized that each of the theories is useful in providing some explanation of why certain behaviors may occur. The age at which the frequency of these behaviors decreases is associated with the child's increasing development, thus those visually impaired children with additional disabilities, whose development is impaired, are at an increased risk of developing and maintaining these behaviors. Certain manneristic behaviors of the visually impaired child may also help indicate the cause of visual impairment.
There is a wide range of manneristic behaviors exhibited by visually impaired children. Some of these behaviors appear to be particularly associated with certain causes of visual impairment or severity of visual impairment, thus they may supply the practitioner with useful information. Further research into the prevalence of these behaviors in the visually impaired child is required in order to provide effective management.
回顾有关儿童视力损害的文献，以确定哪些习惯性行为与视力损害相关，明确这些行为产生的原因以及视力损害的严重程度是否会影响这些行为。
利用PubMed、OVID、谷歌学术和知识网络数据库进行文献检索。还检索了利物浦大学（www.liv.ac.uk/orthoptics/research）和当地图书馆设施。
与视力损害相关的主要习惯性或刻板行为是眼部操纵行为，如戳眼和摇晃。视力损害的程度会影响视力受损儿童表现出的行为类型。全盲儿童更倾向于采用身体和头部动作，而视力受损儿童则倾向于采用眼部操纵行为和摇晃。最常表现出的习惯性动作是那些能给孩子提供特定刺激的动作。解释这些行为的理论包括行为学、发育学、功能学和神经生物学方法。尽管这些行为的确切病因尚不清楚，但人们认识到每种理论都有助于解释某些行为可能发生的原因。这些行为频率下降的年龄与儿童的成长发育相关，因此，那些伴有其他残疾且发育受损的视力受损儿童出现并维持这些行为的风险更高。视力受损儿童的某些习惯性行为也可能有助于指出视力损害的原因。
视力受损儿童表现出多种习惯性行为。其中一些行为似乎与某些视力损害原因或视力损害严重程度特别相关，因此可能为从业者提供有用信息。需要进一步研究这些行为在视力受损儿童中的发生率，以便进行有效管理。
