Referral Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital Zagreb, Klaiceva 16, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2011 Nov;70(4):465-71. doi: 10.1017/S0029665111003089. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
Over the past several decades, the incidence of atopic diseases such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergies has increased dramatically. Although atopic diseases have a clear genetic basis, environmental factors, including early infant nutrition, may have an important influence on their development. Therefore, attempts have been made to reduce the risk of the development of allergy using dietary modifications, mainly focused on longer breast-feeding and delayed introduction or elimination of foods identified as potentially most allergenic. Recently, there is also an increasing interest in the active prevention of atopy using specific dietary components. Many studies have shown that breast-feeding may have the protective effect against future atopic dermatitis and early childhood wheezing. Concerning complementary feeding, there is evidence that the introduction of complementary foods before 4 months of age may increase the risk for atopic dermatitis. However, there is no current convincing evidence that delaying introduction of solids after 6 months of age has a significant protective effect on the development of atopic disease regardless of whether infants are fed cow's milk protein formula or human subject's milk, and this includes delaying the introduction of foods that are considered to be highly allergic, such as fish, eggs and foods containing peanut protein. In conclusion, as early nutrition may have profound implications for long-term health and atopy later in life, it presents an opportunity to prevent or delay the onset of atopic diseases.
在过去几十年中，哮喘、特应性皮炎和食物过敏等特应性疾病的发病率显著增加。虽然特应性疾病具有明确的遗传基础，但环境因素，包括婴儿早期营养，可能对其发展有重要影响。因此，人们尝试通过饮食调整来降低过敏风险，主要集中在延长母乳喂养和延迟引入或消除被认为最具潜在致敏性的食物。最近，人们对使用特定饮食成分主动预防特应性也越来越感兴趣。许多研究表明，母乳喂养可能对未来特应性皮炎和幼儿喘息有保护作用。关于补充喂养，有证据表明，在 4 个月之前引入补充食品可能会增加特应性皮炎的风险。然而，目前没有令人信服的证据表明，无论婴儿是否食用牛奶蛋白配方奶还是人乳，在 6 个月后延迟引入固体食物对特应性疾病的发展有显著的保护作用，这包括延迟引入被认为是高度过敏的食物，如鱼、蛋和含有花生蛋白的食物。总之，早期营养可能对儿童一生的健康和特应性有深远影响，这为预防或延迟特应性疾病的发生提供了机会。
